Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia

Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia Комитет освобождения народов России
Abbreviation	KONR (Russian: КОНР)
Chairman	Andrey Vlasov Mikhail Meandrov
Founded	14 November 1944
Dissolved	14 February 1946 (de facto)
Headquarters	Berlin, Germany Karlsbad, Bohemia and Moravia
Armed wing	Russian Liberation Army (since January 1945)
Membership (1945)	≈700
Ideology	Defeatism Anti-Sovietism Anti-capitalism Nationalist separatism Revolutionary nationalism Nazism Factions: Russian nationalism Social democracy Marxist socialism and Anti-Stalinist Left
Political position	Left-wing to centre-right
Colours	White   Blue   Red (Flag of Russia)
Party flag

The Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (Russian: Комитет освобождения народов России, Komitet osvobozhdeniya narodov Rossii, abbreviated as Russian: КОНР, KONR) was composed of military and civilian collaborators with Nazi Germany from territories of the Soviet Union, most of them being ethnic Russians, and was the political authority of the Russian anti-communist movement aligned with the Axis powers. It was founded by General Andrey Vlasov on 14 November 1944, in Prague, occupied Czechoslovakia, which was purposely chosen because it was a Slavic city that was still under Axis control. Vlasov had received the permission to establish the Committee from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.

The goals of the committee were embodied in a document known as the Prague Manifesto. The manifesto's fourteen points guaranteed the freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly, as well as a right to self-determination of any ethnic group living in territories belonging to Russia; based on the right to self-determination, the Vlasovites planned to dissolve the Soviet Union and create independent nation states, including a separatist Russian nation-state. Ideologically, the Vlasov movement was between the Russian nationalism of the NTS, as its ideologues surrounded Vlasov with the support of the Nazis, and the other POWs which held to more social democratic views; some of Vlasov's close associates like Milety Zykov described themselves as Marxists. The Prague Manifesto supported a social system based on private agriculture and disbandment of the collective farms while keeping the industry nationalized; the Vlasovites opposed their program both to Stalinism and capitalism. The Prague Manifesto did not contain any explicit anti-semitic or other racially inspired rhetoric, which caused a conflict with many Nazi propagandists. However, criticism aimed at the Western Allies (specifically US and UK) was included in the manifesto's preamble.

In January 1945 Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army was began to be organized into several divisions, though not all of them finished forming due to the collapse of the German war effort, and other Russian volunteer units serving in the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS were nominally transferred to its command in April 1945 as the "Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia." The latter included Cossack forces aligned with the Cossack leader Pyotr Krasnov, which had gathered in northern Yugoslavia by May 1945. In the chaotic final months of the Third Reich, the divisions under Vlasov's direct command tried to gather in western Czechoslovakia after briefly engaging the Red Army in Operation April Storm during its advance on Berlin. The Russian troops sided against the Germans during the Prague Uprising, before leaving the city due to the Red Army approaching Prague. After trying to surrender to the United States Army, many of its members either surrendered to the Soviets or were later repatriated to the Soviet Union by the Western Allies.

After the surrender of Germany to the Allies, the committee ceased to operate. During the immediate post-war period, several new organisations sprang up that intended to continue the committee's goal of fighting communism (i.e., the Union of the St. Andrew Flag; the Committee of United Vlasovites; the Union of Battle for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia), started by veterans of the committee and the Russian Liberation Army who managed to escape forced repatriation to the Soviet Union. Two latter organisations participated in US-led efforts to form a united anti-Soviet platform of Soviet emigres.

In the United States, a CIA-led organisation with a similar name, the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, was founded in the late 1940s, and became known for their propaganda broadcaster Radio Liberty, which was run by the Central Intelligence Agency and later funded by the United States Congress. It operated from Munich, in West Germany. Members of the Vlasovite organisations established after the war contributed to the American Committee.

Formation

Manifestation of the Committee in a palace in Prague

Vlasov speaking at the founding

Andrey Vlasov, a Red Army general who had been captured in 1942 and defected to the Germans, had no success in getting support for a Russian national army from the senior German leadership until the summer of 1944, when the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, took interest in his cause. He had a six hour meeting with Himmler on 16 September 1944, getting his approval to form an army, and it began to be assembled on 28 January 1945.

Armed Forces

Under the command of the Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia were the following:

• 1st Division of the Russian Liberation Army, commanded by Sergei Bunyachenko
• 2nd Division of the Russian Liberation Army, commanded by Grigory Zverev
• 3rd Division of the Russian Liberation Army, commanded by Mikhail Shapovalov
• The air force of the KONR, commanded by Viktor Maltsev
• Russian Corps in Yugoslavia, commanded by Boris Shteifon
• XV Cossack Cavalry Corps, commanded by Ivan Kononov
• Separate Cossack Corps, commanded by Timofei Domanov
• 1st combined officer school of the Russian Liberation Army, commanded by Mikhail Meandrov
• Various other independent units

Ideology

The Prague Manifesto laid out Andrey Vlasov's political and economic program for Russia in the event of the defeat of the Soviet Union. The manifesto claimed that World War II was a conflict being fought by the "imperialist powers" of Britain and the United States, and the "internationalist" powers led by Joseph Stalin, against "freedom-loving nations," and made no reference to Nazi Germany. It said that the February Revolution in 1917 was legitimate, but its progress was criminally usurped from the Russian people by the Bolsheviks. The manifesto set out its goals as the restoration of freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and of the press, the defense of private property, and the abolition of forced labor. Furthermore it called for the creation of a Russian Liberation Army to overthrow the "tyranny created by Stalin" and sought an "honorable peace" with Germany.

The Nazis were suspicious of Vlasov, his organisation and his ideological position, and the Gestapo warned about the possibility of the Vlasovites betraying the Reich. The suspicions and criticism of the Vlasovites from the Reich officials was summarised in a document by the Ministry of Propaganda official Eberhard Taubert who described his concerns about the movement being "not National Socialist": "It is significant that it does not fight Jewry, that the Jewish Question is not recognized as such at all"; instead it presented "a watered-down infusion of liberal and Bolshevik ideologies", and Taubert described the concern with "strong Anglophile sympathies" and it "toying with the idea of a possible change of course" while not "feel[ing] bound to Germany".

Gallery

• 
  Leaflet of the Russian Liberation Army leaders in 1942
• 
  General Vlasov's order to prevent Dedovshchina in all forces related to KONR
• 
  KONR's first session. Prague, 14th November 1944
• 
  Camp Dabendorf: General Vlasov (2nd from left), General Trochin (1st from left) among German and ROA officers, 1944
• 
  Vlasov inspects soldiers of the ROA, 1944
• 
  ROA soldiers in Belgium or France, 1944
• 
  Brochure of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
• 
  New Year's greetings from the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia

Sources

• Dallas, Gregor (2005). 1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11988-6.

See also

• Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
• National Committee for a Free Germany
• Russian Liberation Movement
• Ukrainian National Committee