Cher
Cher | |
|---|---|
.png) Cher in 2020 | |
| Born | Cheryl Sarkisian[a] May 20, 1946 |
| Other names | |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1963–present |
| Works | |
| Spouses | |
| Partner | Alexander Edwards |
| Children | |
| Mother | Georgia Holt |
| Awards | |
| Musical career | |
| Genres | |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Labels | |
| Formerly of | |
| Website | cher |
| Signature | |
 | |
Cher (/ʃɛər/ SHAIR; born Cheryl Sarkisian;[a] May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Often referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop", she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. She is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice, for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment and for adopting a variety of styles and appearances. Cher rose to fame in 1965 as one half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher before releasing her first solo top-ten singles "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" and "You Better Sit Down Kids". Throughout the 1970s, she scored the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed" and "Dark Lady", becoming the female solo artist with the most number-one singles in US history at the time.
After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher released the successful disco album Take Me Home (1979). Her music career revival in the late 1980s saw the releases of rock-inflected albums Cher (1987), Heart of Stone (1989) and Love Hurts (1991), all of which yielded hit singles such as "I Found Someone", "If I Could Turn Back Time" and "Save Up All Your Tears". Cher reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the dance-pop album Believe, which featured pioneering use of Auto-Tune to distort her vocals, known as the "Cher effect". The title track became the number-one song of 1999 in the US and the best-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK. She continued to make music, with the albums Closer to the Truth (2013) and Dancing Queen (2018) both debuting at number three on the Billboard 200 and becoming her highest-charting solo albums in the US.
Cher became a television personality in the 1970s with her CBS shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly, and the namesake Cher. In 1982, she made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in its film adaptation. Cher subsequently garnered critical acclaim for her performances in films such as Silkwood (1983), Mask (1985) and Moonstruck (1987), the last of which won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. She contributed to the soundtrack for her next film, Mermaids (1990), which spawned the UK number-one single "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" and made her directorial debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996). During the 2010s, Cher landed starring roles in the films Burlesque (2010) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). In 2018, she was the subject of The Cher Show, a jukebox musical.
Having sold 100 million records, Cher is one of the world's best-selling music artists. Her accolades include a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, the Billboard Icon Award and awards from the Kennedy Center Honors and the Council of Fashion Designers of America. She is the only solo artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in seven consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2020s. Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour became the highest-grossing concert tour by a female artist ever at the time, earning US$250 million (equivalent to $390 million in 2023). Aside from music and acting, she is noted for her trendsetting, elaborate outfits, political views, social media presence, philanthropic endeavors and social activism, including LGBTQ rights and HIV/AIDS prevention.
Life and career
1946–1961: Early life
Cheryl Sarkisian[a] was born in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946. Her father, John Sarkisian, was an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems; her mother, Georgia Holt (born Jackie Jean Crouch), was a former model and actress of Irish, English, German and Cherokee ancestry.[3] Her paternal grandparents were survivors of the Armenian Genocide.[4] Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant,[5] and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old.[6] Her mother later married actor John Southall, with whom she had Cher's half-sister, Georganne.[7]
Moving to Los Angeles, Cher's mother changed her name to Georgia Holt and played minor roles in films and on television while working as a waitress. Holt also secured acting parts for her daughters as extras on television shows like The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.[5] Her mother's relationship with Southall ended when Cher was nine years old, but she considers him her father and remembers him as a "good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much".[8] Holt remarried and divorced several more times and she moved her family around the country (including New York, Texas and California).[5] They often had little money and Cher recounted having to use rubber bands to hold her shoes together.[8] At one point, her mother left Cher at an orphanage for several weeks.[9] Although they met every day, both found the experience traumatic.[8]
When Cher was in fifth grade, she produced a performance of the musical Oklahoma! for her teacher and class. She organized a group of girls, directing and choreographing their dance routines. Unable to convince boys to participate, she played the male roles. By age nine, she had developed an unusually low voice.[10] Fascinated by film stars, Cher's role model was Audrey Hepburn, particularly due to her role in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's. Cher began to take after the unconventional outfits and behavior of Hepburn's character.[11] She was also inspired by Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis and Katharine Hepburn.[12] She was disappointed by the absence of dark-haired Hollywood actresses whom she could emulate.[11] She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, "I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer. I just thought, well, I'll be famous. That was my goal."[13]
In 1961, Holt married bank manager Gilbert LaPiere, who adopted Cher (under the name Cheryl LaPiere)[1] and Georganne and enrolled them at Montclair College Preparatory School, a private school in Encino. Coming from a modest background, Cher faced challenges in the upper-class environment of the school, where, as biographer Connie Berman noted, her "striking appearance" and "outgoing personality" set her apart.[13] A former classmate commented, "I'll never forget seeing Cher for the first time. She was so special ... She was like a movie star, right then and there ... She said she was going to be a movie star and we knew she would."[13] Despite not being an excellent student, Cher was intelligent and creative, according to Berman. She earned high grades, excelling in French and English classes. As an adult, she discovered that she has dyslexia. Cher's unconventional behavior stood out: she performed songs for students during the lunch hours and surprised peers when she wore a midriff-baring top.[11] She later recalled, "I was never really in school. I was always thinking about when I was grown up and famous."[5]
1962–1967: Solo musical breakthrough and Sonny & Cher
At age 16, Cher dropped out of school and moved to Los Angeles with a friend. She took acting classes and worked to support herself, dancing in small clubs along Hollywood's Sunset Strip and introducing herself to performers, managers and agents.[14] According to Berman, "[Cher] did not hesitate to approach anyone she thought could help her get a break".[15] Cher met performer Sonny Bono in November 1962 when he was working for record producer Phil Spector.[15] Cher's friend moved out and Cher accepted Sonny's offer to be his housekeeper.[16] Sonny introduced Cher to Spector, who used her as a backup singer on many recordings, including the Ronettes' "Be My Baby" and the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'".[17] Spector produced her first single, "Ringo, I Love You", which Cher recorded under the name Bonnie Jo Mason.[18] The song was rejected by many radio stations programmers as they thought Cher's deep contralto vocals were a man's vocals and that it was a male homosexual singing a love song to the Beatles drummer Ringo Starr.[19]
Cher and Sonny became close friends, eventual lovers and performed their own unofficial wedding ceremony in a hotel room in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 27, 1964.[17][20] Although Sonny had wanted to launch Cher as a solo artist, she encouraged him to perform with her because she suffered from stage fright and he began joining her onstage, singing the harmonies. Cher disguised her nervousness by looking at Sonny; she later commented that she sang to the people through him.[21] In late 1964, they emerged as a duo called Caesar & Cleo, releasing the poorly received singles "Do You Wanna Dance?", "Love Is Strange" and "Let the Good Times Roll".[22]
Cher signed with Liberty Records' Imperial imprint in the end of 1964 and Sonny became her producer. The single "Dream Baby", released under the name "Cherilyn", received airplay in Los Angeles.[18] Imperial encouraged Cher to work with Sonny on her second solo single for the label, a cover of Bob Dylan's "All I Really Want to Do".[18] It peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1965.[23] Meanwhile, the Byrds had released their own version of the same song. When competition on the singles charts started between Cher and the Byrds, the group's record label began to promote the B-side of the Byrds' single. Roger McGuinn of the Byrds commented, "We loved the Cher version ... We didn't want to hassle. So we just turned our record over."[24] Cher's debut album, All I Really Want to Do (1965), reached number 16 on the Billboard 200;[25] it was later described by AllMusic's Tim Sendra as "one of the stronger folk-pop records of the era".[26]
In early 1965, Caesar and Cleo began calling themselves Sonny & Cher.[27] Following the recording of "I Got You Babe", they traveled to England in July 1965 at the Rolling Stones' advice; Cher recalled, "[they] had told us ... that Americans just didn't get us and that if we were going to make it big, we were going to have to go to England."[28] According to writer Cintra Wilson,
English newspaper photographers showed up when S&C were thrown out of the London Hilton [because of their outfits] the night they arrived—literally overnight, they were stars. London went gaga for the heretofore-unseen S&C look, which was neither mod nor rocker.[29]
"I Got You Babe" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[30] and became, according to AllMusic's Bruce Eder, "one of the biggest-selling and most beloved pop/rock hits of the mid-'60s";[18] Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2003.[31] As the song knocked the Beatles off the top of the British charts, English teenagers began to emulate Sonny and Cher's fashion style, such as bell-bottoms, striped pants, ruffled shirts, industrial zippers and fur vests.[32] Upon their return to the US, the duo made several appearances on the teen-pop showcases Hullabaloo and Shindig![33] and completed a tour of some of the largest arenas in the US.[34] Their shows attracted Cher look-alikes, with girls straightening and dyeing their hair black to emulate her style, often pairing it with vests and bell-bottoms.[35] Cher expanded her creative range by designing a clothing line.[36]
Sonny and Cher's first album, Look at Us (1965), released for the Atco Records division of Atlantic Records,[18] spent eight weeks at number two on the Billboard 200, behind the Beatles' Help!.[37] The duo successfully competed with the dominant British Invasion and Motown sounds of the era.[36] Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny and Cher as "part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest."[38] Sonny and Cher charted ten Billboard top 40 singles between 1965 and 1972, including five top-ten singles: "I Got You Babe", "Baby Don't Go", "The Beat Goes On", "All I Ever Need Is You" and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done".[39] At one point, they had five songs in the top 50 at the same time, a feat equaled only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley.[40] Together they had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's "it" couple.[41]
Cher's following releases kept her solo career competitive with her work with Sonny.[18] The Sonny Side of Chér (1966) features "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", which reached number two in the US and number three in the UK and became her first million-seller solo single. Chér, also released in 1966, contains the Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition "Alfie", which was added to the credits of the American version of the 1966 film of the same name and became the first stateside version of the popular song. With Love, Chér (1967) includes songs described by biographer Mark Bego as "little soap-opera stories set to rock music" such as the US top-ten single "You Better Sit Down Kids".[42]
1967–1970: From counterculture icon to lounge act
By the end of the 1960s, Sonny and Cher's music had ceased to chart. According to Berman, "the heavy, loud sound of groups like Jefferson Airplane and Cream made the folk-rock music of Sonny and Cher seem too bland."[43] Cher later said, "I loved the new sound of Led Zeppelin, Eric Clapton, the electric-guitar oriented bands. Left to myself, I would have changed with the times because the music really turned me on. But [Sonny] didn't like it—and that was that."[44] Their monogamous lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution[45] and the anti-drug position they adopted at the height of the drug culture lost them popularity among American youths.[46] According to Bego, "in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs."[46] In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in the film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful.[43]
Cher's album Backstage (1968), in which she explores diverse musical genres including Brazilian jazz and anti-war protest settings, was not a commercial success.[47] In 1969, she was dropped from Imperial Records while Sonny and Cher had been dropped from Atco; however, the label wanted to sign Cher for a solo album.[48] 3614 Jackson Highway (1969) was recorded without the guidance of Sonny and incorporates experiments in rhythm and blues and soul music. AllMusic's Mark Deming proclaimed it "arguably the finest album of her career" and still "a revelation" decades later.[49] Displeased with the album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco.[48]
Meanwhile, Sonny dated others and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People magazine, "[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family."[50] They officially married after she gave birth to Chaz Bono on March 4, 1969.[50]
The duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity (1969). Written and produced by Sonny, who did not appear in the movie, it tells the story of a young woman, played by Cher, searching for the meaning of life.[51] The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. However, some critics noted that Cher showed acting potential;[34] Cue magazine wrote, "Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing."[43]
At the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style.[52] According to writer Cintra Wilson, "Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny".[29] The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers.[29] Television executives took note and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a "new, sophisticated and mature" image.[53] Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits.[53]
1971–1974: Television stardom and first musical comeback
CBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and Cher their own television program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971.[54] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971 and had six episodes. Because it was a ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show.[34]
Watched by more than 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run,[52] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour was praised for the comedic timing and deadpan Cher mocking of Sonny about his looks and short stature. According to Berman, they "exuded an aura of warmth, playfulness and caring that only enhanced their appeal. Viewers were further enchanted when a young [Chaz] also appeared on the show. They seemed like a perfect family."[55] Cher honed her acting skills in sketch comedy roles such as the brash housewife Laverne, the sardonic waitress Rosa and historical vamps,[56] including Cleopatra and Miss Sadie Thompson.[57] The Bob Mackie-designed clothing Cher wore was part of the show's attraction and her style influenced the fashion trends of the 1970s.[58]
In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records and Cher released the single "Classified 1A", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial.[59]
Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's second US number-one single, "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", which "proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did", writes Bego.[59] "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was the first single by a solo artist to rank number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the same time as on the Canadian Singles Chart.[60] Billboard called it "one of the 20th century's greatest songs".[61] It was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[62] Its second single, "The Way of Love", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[63] and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.[18]
In 1972, Cher released the all-ballad set Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego.[64] Following the release, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record.[65] At Sonny's insistence, in 1973 Cher released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light, which was commercially unsuccessful.[66] That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett "Half-Breed", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher. Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time, he was convinced that "it's a smash for Cher and for nobody else", so he held the song for months until he got Cher back.[65] "Half-Breed" was featured on the album of the same name and became Cher's third US number-one single.[67] Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.[68]
In 1974, Cher released the song "Dark Lady" as the lead single from the namesake album.[67] It reached the top position on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Cher's fourth number-one single and making her the female artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time.[69] Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard magazine, proved her to be "one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years", as well as a "proven superstar who always sells records".[70]
Between 1971 and 1973, Sonny and Cher's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972), Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973) and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973).[71] Cher later noted that her tight schedule during this period required her to record entire albums in just a few days while also touring and filming The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.[72]
1974–1979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, marriage to Gregg Allman and decline in popularity
Cher and Sonny had had marital problems since late 1972, but appearances were maintained until 1974. "The public still thinks we are married," Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, "[and] that's the way it has to be."[74] In February 1974, Sonny filed for a separation, citing "irreconcilable differences".[75] A week later, Cher countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with "involuntary servitude", claiming that he withheld her rightful share of their earnings.[75] The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chaz, which was eventually granted to Cher.[75] Their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975.[76]
In 1974, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.[77] The same year, Sonny premiered a solo show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show. It was canceled after 13 weeks.[78]
During the divorce proceedings, Cher had a two-year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen, who helped free her from a restrictive business arrangement with Sonny.[79] Under the terms of this arrangement, Cher was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises, a company 95% owned by Sonny and 5% by his lawyer. She was considered an employee of the company, with no control over her career and finances.[80] Geffen secured a $2.5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records,[81] and she began work on her first album under that label in 1975. According to Bego, "it was their intention that [this album] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star and not just a pop singer."[82]
Despite Cher's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder, Elton John, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Joni Mitchell and Bob Dylan, the resulting album, Stars, was commercially and critically unsuccessful.[82] Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, "Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV."[83] The album has since become a cult classic and is considered among her best work.[72]
On February 16, 1975, Cher returned to television with a solo show on CBS. Called Cher, it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson, Elton John and Bette Midler.[84] The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher's songs, monologs, comedy performance and her variation of clothing,[85] which was the largest for a weekly TV show.[86] Critical reception was favorable; the Los Angeles Times exclaimed that "Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny, on the other hand, could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season."[86] Cher lasted for less than a year, replaced by a new show in which she professionally reunited with ex-husband Sonny;[87] she said, "doing a show alone was more than I could handle."[88] According to The Ringer's Lindsay Zoladz, "[Cher] found the network censors to be more watchful than they were when she was married to Sonny ... When she was single or casually dating, Cher always seemed to pose more of a threat to the status quo than she did when she was Sonny's wife."[89]
On June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of The Allman Brothers Band.[90] She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems, but they reconciled within a month.[91] They had one son, Elijah Blue, on July 10, 1976.[92] Sonny and Cher's TV reunion, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere,[93] Cher and Sonny's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce,[87] her reportedly extravagant lifestyle and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash[94] that contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977.[93]
In 1976, Mego Toys released a line of toys and dolls in the likeness of Sonny and Cher. The miniature version of Cher ended up being the highest selling doll of 1976, surpassing Barbie.[95]
Cher's next albums, I'd Rather Believe in You (1976) and Cherished (1977)—the latter marking a return to her earlier pop storyteller style at Warner's producers' insistence—were commercially unsuccessful;[96] Orange Coast magazine's Keith Tuber commented, "A weekly television series ... can spell disaster for a recording artist ... Regular exposure on TV allowed people to see and hear these performers without having to buy their records."[97] In 1977, under the rubric "Allman and Woman", she and Allman recorded the duet album Two the Hard Way.[91] The couple toured Europe to support the album,[98] though audience reception was mixed.[99] With a combination of Cher fans and Allman Brothers fans in attendance, fights frequently broke out at venues, prompting Cher to cancel the tour.[100] Their relationship ended soon after the tour's cancellation,[101] and their divorce was finalized in 1979.[102]
In 1978, Cher began a two-year live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons.[103][104][105] She briefly returned to prime time television with the specials Cher... Special (1978)—featuring a segment in which she performs all of the roles in her version of West Side Story—[106] and Cher... and Other Fantasies (1979).[107]
1979–1982: Second musical comeback, from disco success to leading a rock band
In 1979, Cher legally adopted her mononym.[108] As a single mother of two, Cher realized that she had to change the direction of her singing career. Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single "Take Me Home" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze.[109] Both the album and the single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979,[109] and were certified gold by the RIAA.[68] Sales of the album may have been boosted[109] by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover.[110] Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm for disco music, she changed her mind after the success, commenting, "I never thought I would want to do disco ... [but] it's terrific! It's great music to dance to. I think that danceable music is what everybody wants."[109]
Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, Cher planned to return to rock music in her next album, Prisoner (1979).[111] The album's cover features Cher draped in chains as a "prisoner of the press",[112] which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave.[113] She included rock songs, which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure.[112] Prisoner produced the single "Hell on Wheels", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie. The song exploits the late 1970s roller-skating fad and contributed to its popularity.[72]
In 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, "Bad Love", for the film Foxes.[114] She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal. Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates.[115] Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone, "The critics panned us and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'"[52]
Black Rose disbanded in 1981.[116] During Black Rose's active period, Cher was simultaneously doing a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week.[117] Titled Cher in Concert, the three-year performance residency opened in June 1979 and eventually became Cher's first world concert tour as a solo artist (also referred to as the Take Me Home Tour), with dates in North America, Europe, South Africa and Australia.[118] It yielded two television specials: Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981)[119] and Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983),[120] the latter of which won Cher the CableACE Award for Best Actress in a Variety Program.[121]
In 1981, Cher released a duet with rock musician Meat Loaf called "Dead Ringer for Love", which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was described by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as "one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980s".[122] In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by Bego as Cher's "strongest and most consistent solo album in years" despite its low sales.[123]
1982–1986: Broadway debut, acting breakthrough and musical hiatus
With decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles, Cher decided to further develop her acting career.[124] While she had previously aspired to venture into film, she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress.[124] Cher later recalled, "I was making a fortune on the road, but I was dying inside. Everyone kept saying, 'Cher, there are people who would give anything to have standing room only at Caesars Palace. It would be the pinnacle of their careers.' And I kept thinking, 'Yes, I should be satisfied' ... But I wasn't satisfied."[125] She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg, founder of the Actors Studio, but never enrolled.[29] She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20-year reunion. That year, Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title.[126]
Director Mike Nichols, who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, Meryl Streep's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood.[126] When it premiered in 1983, audiences questioned Cher's ability as an actress. She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits.[127] For her performance, Cher was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.[126]
Cher's next film, Mask (1985), reached number two at the box office[128] and was Cher's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress.[126] For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son, she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress.[126] During the making of the film, however, she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich and was ultimately omitted from the Oscar nomination list. She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula-like costume, later deemed by Vanity Fair's Esther Zuckerman as Cher's "Oscar revenge dress".[129] "As you can see, I did receive my Academy booklet on how to dress like a serious actress," Cher declared before presenting the nominees for Best Supporting Actor.[130] The incident garnered her much publicity.[131]
Cher's May 1986 guest appearance on talk show Late Night with David Letterman, during which she called Letterman "an asshole", attracted much media coverage; Letterman later recalled, "It did hurt my feelings. Cher was one of the few people I've really wanted to have on the show ... I felt like a total fool, especially since I say all kinds of things to people."[132] She returned to the show in 1987, reuniting with Sonny for the last time before his death to sing an impromptu version of "I Got You Babe". According to Rolling Stone's Andy Greene, "they weren't exactly the best of friends at this point, but both of them knew it would make for unforgettable television. Had YouTube existed back then, this would have gone insanely viral the next morning." Rolling Stone listed the performance among "David Letterman's Top 10 Musical Moments" in 2015.[133]
1987–1992: Hollywood stardom and third musical comeback
Cher starred in three films in 1987.[126] In Suspect, she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by a juror (Dennis Quaid) in the homicide case she is handling. Alongside Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer, she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell (Jack Nicholson) who comes to a small New England town in George Miller's comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick. In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she played an Italian widow in love with her fiancé's younger brother (Nicolas Cage).[126] The two last films ranked among the top ten highest-grossing films of 1987.[134]
The New York Times' Janet Maslin wrote Moonstruck "offers further proof that Cher has evolved into the kind of larger-than-life movie star who's worth watching whatever she does."[135] For that film, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress[136] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.[77] By 1988, Cher had become one of the most bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film.[126] That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales.[137]
In 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as "her most impressive string of hits to date", establishing her as a "serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture".[72] Michael Bolton, Jon Bon Jovi, Desmond Child and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album, Cher.[72] Despite facing strong retail and radio airplay resistance upon its release,[138] the album proved to be a commercial success, certified platinum by the RIAA.[68] Cher features the rock ballad "I Found Someone", Cher's first US top-ten single in more than eight years.[72]
By the end of the 1980s, Cher was also receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle, including her tattoos, plastic surgeries, exhibitionist fashion sense and affairs with younger men.[139] She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz and Tom Cruise, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Josh Donen, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora and Rob Camilletti, a bagel baker 18 years her junior whom she dated from 1986 to 1989.[140]
Cher's 19th studio album Heart of Stone (1989) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA.[68] The music video for its second single, "If I Could Turn Back Time",[141] caused controversy due to Cher's performance on the battleship USS Missouri, straddling a cannon,[142] and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks.[143] The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks,[141] reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher's most successful singles.[23] Other songs from Heart of Stone to reach the US top ten were "After All", a duet with Peter Cetera and "Just Like Jesse James".[144] At the 1989 People's Choice Awards, Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award.[145] She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1989.[146] Most critics liked the tour's nostalgic nature and admired Cher's showmanship.[147] Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage (1991) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas.[146]
In her first film in three years, Mermaids (1990), Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters (Winona Ryder and Christina Ricci) from town to town at the end of a love affair.[148] She clashed with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin.[149] Believing Cher would be the star attraction, the producers allowed her creative control for the film.[150] Mermaids was a box office success and received generally positive reviews.[151][152] One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack, a cover version of Betty Everett's "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks.[153][154]
Cher's final studio album for Geffen Records, Love Hurts (1991),[155] stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top-ten single "Love and Understanding".[154] The album was certified gold by the RIAA.[68] In later years, Cher commented that her Geffen label "hit years" had been especially significant to her, "because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me and they were popular!"[72] She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991,[156] followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness: A New Attitude and CherFitness: Body Confidence.[81] She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992.[157] That year, the UK-only[158] compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks.[154] It features three new songs: "Oh No Not My Baby", "Whenever You're Near" and "Many Rivers to Cross".[159]
1992–1998: From A-list actress to infomercial queen, death of Sonny Bono
Partially due to her experiences filming Mermaids, Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise.[149] According to Berman, "After the success of Moonstruck, she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious."[160] In the early 1990s, she contracted the Epstein–Barr virus[149] and developed chronic fatigue syndrome, which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers.[161] Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects, she starred in infomercials launching health, beauty and diet products,[162] which earned her close to $10 million in fees.[163] The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live[164] and critics considered them a sellout,[163] many suggesting her film career was over.[165] The 1995 film Clueless referenced this period when protagonist Cher Horowitz (Alicia Silverstone) jokingly claims she was named after a "great [singer] of the past who now does infomercials".[166] Cher told Ladies' Home Journal, "Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things."[162]
Cher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994).[157] In 1994, she started a mail-order catalog business, Sanctuary, selling Gothic-themed products,[167] and contributed a rock version of "I Got You Babe" to MTV's animated series Beavis and Butt-head.[168] Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single "Love Can Build a Bridge".[169] Later that year, she signed with Warner Music UK's label WEA and released the album It's a Man's World (1995), which came out of her idea of covering men's songs from a woman's point of view.[155] In general, critics favored the album and its R&B influences, some saying her voice had improved.[170] Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "From an artistic standpoint, this soulful collection of grown-up pop songs ... is the high point of her recording career."[171] It's a Man's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top-ten single "One by One".[154] Tracks were remixed for the American release of the album, abandoning its original rock sound in favor of a style more accessible to US radio.[172] The US release failed commercially, reaching number 64 on the Billboard 200.[173]
In 1996, Cher starred alongside Demi Moore and Sissy Spacek in If These Walls Could Talk (1996), a three-part anthology television film about abortion. This project marked Cher's directorial debut, as she was both the director and star of the film's final segment, playing a doctor targeted by an anti-abortion group.[170] It became the highest-rated original HBO movie to date, attracting 6.9 million viewers.[174][175] That same year, Cher appeared in Paul Mazursky's dark comedy Faithful, playing the wife of a businessman who hires a hitman (Chazz Palminteri) to kill her. While the film received negative reviews, Cher was praised for her role,[176] with The New York Times' Janet Maslin noting she "does her game best to find comic potential in a victim's role."[177] Cher refused to promote the film, claiming it was "horrible."[149] Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus" (1997).[178] Written with her in mind,[179] it tells the story of a scientist's grotesque creature who idolizes Cher because of her role in Mask, where her character cares for her disfigured son.[180]
Following Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him "the most unforgettable character" she had met.[181] She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998.[182] That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television.[183] Later that year, Cher published The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of "first-time" events in her life, which critics praised as down-to-earth and genuine.[184] Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died, she could not decide whether to include his death in the book; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event. She told Rolling Stone, "I couldn't ignore it, could I? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me."[185]
1998–2002: Fourth musical comeback and songwriting debut
Cher's 22nd studio album Believe (1998) marked a musical departure for her, as it comprises dance-pop songs, many of which capture the "disco-era essence"; Cher said, "It's not that I think this is a '70s album ... but there's a thread, a consistency running through it that I love.'"[72] Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA[68] and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries,[186] selling 10 million copies worldwide.[187] The album's title track reached number one in 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[188][189] It became the best-selling recording of 1998 and 1999, respectively, in the UK[188] and the US,[190] and Cher's most successful single to date.[191] "Believe" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK, selling over 1.84 million copies in the country by October 2018.[192] It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks,[193] selling over 1.8 million units in the US by December 1999.[194] The song earned Cher the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording[195] and the 1999 Billboard Music Award for Hot 100 Single of the Year.[196]
On January 31, 1999, Cher performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Super Bowl XXXIII.[197] Two months later, she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2, which attracted 19.4 million viewers.[198] According to VH1, it was the most popular and most watched program in the television network's history, as Cher's presence was "a huge part of making it exactly that."[199] The Do You Believe? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city in which it was booked,[200] amassing a global audience of more than 1.5 million.[201] Its companion television special, Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998–99,[202] with a 13.0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes.[203]
Capitalizing on the success of Believe, Cher's former record company Geffen Records released the US-only compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits (1999), featuring the previously unreleased song "Don't Come Cryin' to Me".[204] It was certified gold by the RIAA.[68] Later that year, Cher released the compilation The Greatest Hits, which sold three million copies outside the US by January 2000.[201] Cher was named Billboard's number-one dance artist of 1999.[190] During this period, she also starred in Franco Zeffirelli's critically acclaimed war film Tea with Mussolini,[205] earning praise for her portrayal of a wealthy, flamboyant American socialite unwelcome among Englishwomen in Italy.[206] Film Comment remarked, "She manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget: that's Cher", adding that her performance proved "how sorely she's been missed from movie screens."[207]
In 2000, Cher released Not Commercial, an album she had mostly written herself after attending a songwriters' conference in 1994; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album. Rejected by her record label for being uncommercial, Cher chose to sell it exclusively on her website. The song "Sisters of Mercy" criticized as "cruel, heartless and wicked" the nuns who had prevented her mother from retrieving her from a Catholic orphanage, drawing condemnation from the Catholic Church.[208][209]
Cher's highly anticipated dance-oriented follow-up to Believe,[210] Living Proof (2001), entered the Billboard 200 at number nine[211] and was certified gold by the RIAA.[68] The album includes the UK top-ten single "The Music's No Good Without You"[154] and "Song for the Lonely", the latter song dedicated to "the courageous people of New York" following the September 11 attacks.[210] In May 2002, she performed at the VH1 Divas Las Vegas benefit concert.[212] At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, she won the Dance/Club Play Artist of the Year Award and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having "helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts".[213][214] By then, Cher's wealth was estimated at $600 million.[215]
2002–2017: Farewell tours, concert residencies and return to acting and recording
In June 2002, Cher launched the Living Proof: The Farewell Tour,[216] billed as the final live concert tour of her career, though she intended to continue recording and acting.[217] Jon Pareles of The New York Times described the tour as a celebration of Cher's resilience, praising her ability to "triumph over restraint, aging and gravity" and calling her "a hit machine immune to sagging flesh".[218] Initially planned for 49 shows, the tour was repeatedly extended.[219]
After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the US division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003.[220] Forbes named Cher the highest-paid female musician of 2003, earning $33.1 million.[221] The Very Best of Cher (2003), a greatest-hits collection that surveyed her entire career, peaked at number four on the Billboard 200[222] and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.[68] She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003), mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend (Frankie Muniz).[223]
By October 2003, Cher's farewell tour had become the most successful tour by a female artist, grossing $145 million from 200 shows and drawing 2.2 million attendees.[224] The NBC special Cher – The Farewell Tour (2003) attracted 17 million viewers,[225] making it the highest-rated network concert special of the year[226] and earning Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special.[227] The tour concluded in April 2005 after 325 shows, with over 3.5 million attendees and a total gross of $250 million, placing it among the top-ten highest-grossing tours of the decade.[228][229]
After three years of retirement,[230] Cher began in 2008 a three-year, 200-performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, for which she earned a reported $60 million.[231] Titled Cher, the production featured state-of-the-art video and special effects, elaborate set designs,[232] 14 dancers, four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes.[233] In Burlesque (2010), Cher's first musical film since 1967's Good Times, the actress played a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful (Christina Aguilera) is looking to impress. One of the two songs she recorded for the film's soundtrack, the power ballad "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me",[234] reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making Cher the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s.[235]
In 2011, Cher lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper.[236] Dear Mom, Love Cher, a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt, aired on Lifetime in May 2013.[237] Closer to the Truth (2013), Cher's 25th studio album and the first since 2001's Living Proof, entered the Billboard 200 at number three, her highest position on that chart to date.[37] Michael Andor Brodeur of The Boston Globe commented that "Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'".[238] Cher premiered the lead single "Woman's World" on the season four finale of the talent show The Voice, her first live TV performance in over a decade.[237] She later joined the show's season five as judge Blake Shelton's team adviser.[239]
In June 2013, Cher headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating LGBTQ Pride Day. It became the event's first sellout in five years.[240] She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, nearly a decade after announcing her "farewell tour".[241] She quipped about that fact during the shows, saying this would actually be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers.[242] The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million.[241] Later that year, she canceled all remaining dates due to a kidney infection.[243]
Cher collaborated with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their 2015 album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin, credited under her 1964 alias, Bonnie Jo Mason.[244] The album, produced as a single copy and sold via online auction,[245] became the most expensive album ever sold.[246] After appearing as Marc Jacobs' guest at the 2015 Met Gala, Cher posed for his fashion brand's Fall/Winter campaign.[247]
Classic Cher, a three-year concert residency at the Park Theater in Las Vegas and The Theater at MGM National Harbor in Washington, D.C., began in February 2017.[248] At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, Cher performed "Believe" and "If I Could Turn Back Time", marking her first awards show performance in over 15 years. Gwen Stefani presented her with the Billboard Icon Award, praising her as a role model for strength and authenticity and "the definition of the word 'Icon'".[249]
2018–2022: ABBA-related projects and ventures in fashion
Cher returned to film after nearly a decade in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), a jukebox musical romantic comedy based on the songs of Swedish pop group ABBA. The film serves as both a prequel and a sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia! and features Cher as Ruby Sheridan, the mother of Donna (Meryl Streep) and grandmother of Sophie (Amanda Seyfried).[250] Critics praised Cher's performance as a highlight of the movie, with New York magazine commenting, "Every single movie—no matter how flawless—would be infinitely better if it included Cher."[251] For the film's soundtrack, she recorded two ABBA songs, "Fernando" and "Super Trouper".[252] Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA stated, "She makes 'Fernando' her own. It's her song now."[253]
_cropped.jpg)
In February 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, with tickets selling out within three hours of her teasing the performance on Twitter.[254] Later that year, she embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour,[255] which continued until 2020, when it was indefinitely postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns.[256]
While promoting Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Cher announced she was working on an album of ABBA covers.[257] Released in September 2018, Dancing Queen debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, tying with 2013's Closer to the Truth as Cher's highest-charting solo album in the U.S.[258] With first-week sales of 153,000 units, it achieved the year's biggest sales week for a pop album by a female artist and marked Cher's largest sales week since 1991.[258] The album also topped Billboard's Top Album Sales chart.[258] Dancing Queen received widespread critical acclaim; Rolling Stone commented that Cher makes the ABBA songs sound as if they were written for her,[259] while Entertainment Weekly praised it as her "most significant release since 1998's Believe."[260]
The Cher Show, a biographical jukebox musical based on Cher's life and music, premiered in Chicago in June 2018.[261] Featuring three actresses portraying Cher at different stages of her life,[262] it ran on Broadway from December 2018 to August 2019.[263] Subsequent productions toured the UK, Ireland and the US.[264][265] On December 2, 2018, Cher received a Kennedy Center Honors award in recognition of her "extraordinary contributions to culture",[266] with tribute performances of her songs by Adam Lambert, Cyndi Lauper and Little Big Town.[267] The following year, Cher launched Cher Eau de Couture, her second fragrance, which she described as a "genderless" follow-up to her 1987 perfume, Uninhibited.[268]
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, Cher focused on projects that could be completed from home. In May 2020, she released her first Spanish-language song, a cover of ABBA's "Chiquitita", with proceeds donated to UNICEF.[269] Later that year, she joined the charity supergroup BBC Radio 2 Allstars for a cover of Oasis's "Stop Crying Your Heart Out". The recording, made in support of the Children in Need charity, became a UK top-ten single.[270][271] Cher voiced a bobblehead version of herself in the animated film Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020).[272] She was featured in The New York Times Magazine's annual "Best Actors" list for 2020,[273] becoming the first actor included without appearing in a theatrical release that year;[274] her performance in Moonstruck (1987) was praised as "radiant" and a source of comfort during quarantine.[273] In May 2021, Cher made a virtual cameo appearance as God in Pink's music video "All I Know So Far".[275]
In the early 2020s, Cher collaborated with several major fashion brands. She was the face of Dsquared2's Spring/Summer 2020 campaign and starred in MAC Cosmetics' "Challenge Accepted" campaign in January 2022.[276][277] The same month, she fronted footwear brand UGG's "Feel" campaign.[278] For Pride Month in June 2022, Cher partnered with Versace to launch the "Chersace" capsule collection, with proceeds supporting Gender Spectrum, a charity benefiting LGBTQIA+ youth.[279] In September 2022, Cher made a surprise appearance at Paris Fashion Week, walking the runway and closing Balmain's Spring/Summer 2023 show.[280] In November, she starred as the face of the brand's "Balmain Blaze" campaign.[281] The same month, Cher began a relationship with music executive Alexander Edwards, who is 40 years her junior. The couple faced criticism on social media due to their age difference, with Cher responding on Twitter, "Love doesn't know math."[282]
2023–present: Christmas, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction and memoirs
In July 2023, Cher launched her gelato brand, Cherlato, in partnership with New Zealand-based ice cream company Giapo. The brand debuted in Los Angeles with an ice cream truck featuring gelato made from locally sourced ingredients.[283] Cher released her first Christmas album, Christmas, in October 2023,[284] featuring duets with Stevie Wonder, Darlene Love, Michael Bublé, Tyga and Cyndi Lauper. Its lead single, "DJ Play a Christmas Song", topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Dance/Electronic Digital Song Sales charts in December 2023, extending Cher's record as the only solo artist with number-one songs on a Billboard chart in seven consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2020s.[285][286]
In December 2023, Cher publicly addressed her exclusion from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, despite being eligible since 1990. She stated, "I wouldn't be in it now if they gave me a million dollars," and suggested the institution "can just you-know-what themselves."[287] Two months later, she received her first nomination and was officially inducted on October 19, 2024. This milestone made her the first musician-actor to win an Academy Award for acting and also be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[288][289][290] Reflecting on her decision to accept the honor, Cher stated she was influenced by the admiration she felt for her fellow inductees and the opportunity to join their company.[289] At the induction ceremony, she performed "If I Could Turn Back Time" and "Believe", the latter in a duet with Dua Lipa.[289]
In September 2024, Cher released Forever, a greatest hits album commemorating the 60th anniversary of her musical career. The album was made available in a 21-track standard edition and a 40-track digital edition, Forever Fan, which included selections from Sonny & Cher as well as lesser-known tracks "personally curated" by Cher.[291] Rolling Stone noted the exclusion of "Half-Breed", Cher's third Billboard Hot 100 number-one single, attributing it to a broader trend of artists reassessing their catalogs in light of changing cultural sensibilities.[291] In November, Cher published Cher: The Memoir, Part One, the first of her two-part autobiography.[292] Written over seven years, it covers her childhood, early musical and television success and marriages to Sonny Bono and Gregg Allman.[293] The book debuted atop of The New York Times Best Seller list and held the top spot for three weeks.[294][295][296]
Artistry
Music and voice
Cher has employed various musical styles, including folk rock, pop rock, power ballads, disco, new wave music, rock music, punk rock, arena rock and hip hop;[297] she said she has done this to "remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord".[298] Her music has mainly dealt with themes of heartbreak, independence and self-empowerment for women; she became "a brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman", according to Out magazine's Judy Wieder.[299] Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder called Cher's song selection "nearly flawless"; while several of her early songs were penned by or sung with Sonny Bono, most of her solo successes were composed by independent songwriters, selected by Cher.[300] Not Commercial (2000), Cher's first album mostly written by herself, presents a "1970s singer-songwriter feel" that proves "Cher adept in the role of storyteller", according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis.[301]
_(cropped).jpg)
Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times writes, "There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits".[302] Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism.[300] According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single "The Way of Love" is "either about a woman expressing her love for another woman or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved". Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral songs.[303]
Cher has a contralto singing voice,[304] described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as "bold, deep and with a spacious vibrato".[297] Ann Powers of The New York Times called it "a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky, a fine vehicle for projecting personality."[305] AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that the "tremendous intensity and passion" of Cher's vocals coupled with her "ability to meld that projection with her acting skills" can provide "an incredibly powerful experience for the listener."[306] The Guardian's Laura Snapes described her voice as "miraculous ... capable of conveying vulnerability, vengeance and pain all at once".[307] Author Paul Simpson posits that Cher has "one of the huskiest, most distinctive voices in pop ... which can work wonders with the right material directed by the right producer, and notes that "she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition".[308]
Writing about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Hilburn stated that "no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher".[302] By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as "dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung".[18] First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose,[309] Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals on her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image.[310] For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.[155]
The 1998 song "Believe" has an electronic vocal effect proposed by Cher,[298] and was the first commercial recording to feature Auto-Tune—an audio processor originally intended to disguise or correct off-key vocals—as a deliberate creative effect to achieve a robotic, futuristic sound.[312] The technique became known as the "Cher effect"[311] and has since been widely used in popular music.[313] Cher continued to use Auto-Tune on the albums Living Proof (2001),[314] Closer to the Truth (2013),[315] and Dancing Queen (2018).[260] In 2013, Cher revealed in an interview with the Toronto Sun that vocal training had strengthened her voice over the years, resulting in an increased vocal range—a development she described as "shocking" for a singer of her age.[316]
Films, videos and stage
Maclean's magazine's Barbara Wickens wrote, "Cher has emerged as probably the most fascinating movie star of her generation ... [because] she has managed to be at once boldly shocking and ultimately enigmatic."[317] New York Post movie critic David Edelstein attributes Cher's "top-ranking star quality" to her ability of projecting "honesty, rawness and emotionality. She wears her vulnerability on her sleeve."[317] Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate wrote that Cher was "one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood.[318]
Author Yvonne Tasker notes that Cher's film roles often mirror her public image as a rebellious, sexually autonomous and self-made woman.[319] In her films, she recurrently serves as a social intermediary to disenfranchised male characters.[320] Film critic Kathleen Rowe wrote of Moonstruck that the depiction of Cher's character as "a 'woman on top' [is] enhanced by the unruly star persona Cher brings to the part'".[321] For Moonstruck, Cher was ranked 1st on Billboard's list of "The 100 Best Acting Performances by Musicians in Movies" and her performance was described as "the standard by which you mentally check all others".[322] Moonstruck was acknowledged by the American Film Institute as the eighth best romantic comedy film of all time.[323]
.jpg)
Cher's public image is also reflected in her music videos and live performances, where she explores themes of self-construction, perfection and female sexuality, noted Tasker.[324] In her 1992 Cher at the Mirage concert video, she stood apart from contemporaries by featuring a male dancer impersonating her instead of female backup dancers mirroring her movements.[324] Author Diane Negra described this as Cher embracing her identity as a "fictionalized production", offering audiences a "pleasurable plurality."[325] Inspired by Cher's Farewell Tour, singer Pink began studying aerial silks, which became central to her performances.[326] James Sullivan of the San Francisco Chronicle highlighted Cher's impact on the era of stadium-sized shows, stating, "She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft."[327]
Cher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".[328] The 1980 video for "Hell on Wheels" involves cinematic techniques[329] and was one of the first music videos ever.[330] Deemed "controversial" for her performance on the battleship USS Missouri, straddling a cannon,[142] and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks,[143] the 1989 music video for "If I Could Turn Back Time" was the first ever to be banned by MTV.[324]
Public image
Fashion icon status
Time magazine's Cady Lang described Cher as a "cultural phenomenon [who] has forever changed the way we see celebrity fashion."[331] Cher emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing "hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas and Cherokee-inspired tunics".[332] She began working as a model in 1967 for photographer Richard Avedon after then-Vogue magazine editor Diana Vreeland discovered her at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy.[332] Avedon took the controversial photo of Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown designed by Bob Mackie for the cover of Time magazine in 1975;[333] Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek described it as "one of the most recreated and monumental looks of all time."[334] Cher first wore the gown to the 1974 Met Gala. According to Vogue's André Leon Talley, "it was really the first time a Hollywood celebrity attended and it changed everything. We are still seeing versions of that look on The Met red carpet 40 years later."[334] Billboard wrote that Cher has "transformed fashion and [become] one of the most influential style icons in red carpet history".[334]
Through her 1970s television shows, Cher became a sex symbol with her inventive and revealing Mackie-designed outfits and fought the network censors to bare her navel.[139] Although Cher has been erroneously attributed to being the first woman to expose her navel on television,[335] she was the most prominent to do so[336] since the establishment of the American Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters in 1951,[337] which prompted network censors to ban navel exposure on US television.[338] People dubbed Cher the "pioneer of the belly beautiful".[339] In 1972, after she was featured on the annual "Best Dressed Women" lists, Mackie stated: "There hasn't been a girl like Cher since Dietrich and Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages."[340]
In May 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America recognized Cher with an award for her influence on fashion, Robin Givhan of the Los Angeles Times called her a "fashion visionary" for "striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess".[341] Givhan referenced Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana as "[i]nfluential designers [who] have evoked her name as a source of inspiration and guidance."[341] She concluded that "Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal."[341] Vogue proclaimed Cher "[their] favorite fashion trendsetter", describing her as "[e]ternally relevant [and] the ruler of outré reinvention".[342] Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as "the ultimate fashion icon" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez and Kim Kardashian, stating that "[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone or anything ... They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success."[343]
Physical appearance
Cher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance—particularly her youthful looks and her tattoos. Paddy Calistro of the Los Angeles Times observed that during Cher's rise as a movie star in the 1980s, her "highly articulated bone structure captured audience attention", which led to an increased number of medical requests for "surgically inserted 'cheekbones'".[344] Journalists have often called Cher the "poster girl" of plastic surgery.[345] Author Caroline Ramazanoglu wrote that "Cher's operations have gradually replaced a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look with a more symmetrical, delicate, 'conventional' ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty ... Her normalised image ... now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves."[346] In 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored Cher as one of the five "most beautiful women of history" by creating a life-size statue.[347] She was ranked 26th on VH1's list of the "100 Sexiest Artists" in 2002.[348]
Cher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the "Ms. Original Rose Tattoo".[349] She got her first tattoo in 1972.[349] According to Sonny Bono, "Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created."[350] In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos.[351] The process was still underway in the 2000s. She commented, "When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised."[352]
Cher was the inspiration for Mother Gothel, a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Tangled (2010). Director Byron Howard explained that Gothel's exotic appearance was based on Cher's "exotic and Gothic looking" appearance, continuing that the singer "definitely was one of the people we looked at visually, as far as what gives you a striking character".[353]
Social media presence
Cher's social media presence has been noted for its unconventional and candid style. Time named Cher "Twitter's most outspoken (and beloved) commentator",[331] while The New York Times' J Wortham highlighted her authenticity, contrasting it with the heavily curated online personas typical of celebrity accounts. Wortham described Cher as "an outlier, perhaps the last unreconstructed high-profile Twitter user", whose posts combine "nakedness and honesty" that is "rarely celebrated" in mainstream culture.[354] Similarly, The Guardian's Monica Heisey described Cher's Twitter account as "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", noting, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out."[355] Journalists have also remarked on her frequent use of emojis, which Cher has linked to her dyslexia, describing them as intuitive tools for visualizing emotions.[356]
Gay icon status
.jpg)
Cher is widely revered by the LGBTQ community, a status attributed to her career accomplishments, distinctive sense of style and enduring longevity.[357] She is regarded as a gay icon and is frequently imitated by drag queens.[358] According to Salon writer Thomas Rogers, drag queens emulate figures like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they "overcame insult and hardship on their path to success"—narratives that resonate with the challenges many gay men face when coming out.[358] Maclean's journalist Elio Iannacci noted that Cher was "one of the first to bring drag to the masses," hiring two drag queens to perform with her during her Las Vegas residency in 1979.[359] Cher's portrayal of a lesbian in the film Silkwood, her transition to dance music and her social activism have further solidified her status as a gay icon. As the mother of a trans man, Cher has advocated for visibility and support for trans families.[360] [361]
Cher's influence on LGBTQ culture was highlighted in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, where she was the idol of the gay character Jack McFarland. She appeared as herself in two episodes, including the 2000 episode "Gypsies, Tramps and Weed"—referencing her 1971 song "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves"—which became the show's second-highest-rated episode.[362][363] Cher's impact on the drag community is also evident in the reality competition RuPaul's Drag Race, which has honored Cher through challenges like the musical performance "Cher: The Unauthorized Rusical" in season 10 and the runway theme "Everything Every-Cher All At Once" in season 16.[364][365]
Activism
Philanthropy
Cher's philanthropic work is channeled through the Cher Charitable Foundation, which focuses on combating poverty, advancing health research, improving patients' quality of life and supporting vulnerable children, veterans, the elderly, the LGBTQ community and animal rights.[366]
Cher has been a vocal advocate for American soldiers, returning veterans and communities affected by war. In 1993, she joined a humanitarian mission to Armenia, delivering food and medical supplies to the war-torn region.[367] She has supported Operation Helmet, which provides free helmet upgrade kits to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, and contributed to the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, aiding military personnel severely injured in war-related operations.[368]
Beginning in 1990, Cher served as a donor and as the National Chairperson and Honorary Spokesperson for the Children's Craniofacial Association, whose mission is to "empower and give hope to facially disfigured children and their families".[368] The annual Cher's Family Retreat is held each June to provide craniofacial patients and their families an opportunity to interact with others with similar experiences. She supports the Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases.[368]
Cher is a donor, fundraiser and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, which seeks to combat AIDS, including providing antiretroviral medicine to children and their families.[368] In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival.[369] In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for "her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good" and for being "one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS".[370]
.jpg)
Cher has served as the Honorary National Chair of Habitat for Humanity's "Raise the Roof" fundraising initiative, aimed at supporting the construction and repair of affordable homes for families in need.[368] In 2007, Cher became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School (PVS) in Ukunda, Kenya, which "provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children."[368] Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.[368]
In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city.[371] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cher launched the CherCares Pandemic Resource and Response Initiative (CCPRRI) alongside Dr. Irwin Redlener, the head of Columbia University's Pandemic Resource and Response Center, to distribute $1 million to "chronically neglected and forgotten people" through the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF). Cher told Billboard, "There are rural areas where people of color and Latinos and Native Americans were getting no services. It's not a lot of money — $1 million goes in the blink of an eyelash! — so now I'm trying to get my friends to make it a lot more so we can do something that will really meet people's needs."[269]
In 2017, Cher weighed in on the need to protect elder rights as she executive produced Edith+Eddie, a documentary about a nonagenarian interracial couple, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).[372] That same year, she co-founded Free the Wild, an international charity dedicated to protecting wild animals in captivity.[373][374] In 2020, Free the Wild partnered with Four Paws International, prompting Cher to travel to Pakistan to advocate for and work with the country's government for the transfer of Kaavan, an elephant confined to a zoo for 35 years, to a wildlife sanctuary in Cambodia.[375] This effort was chronicled in the documentary Cher & the Loneliest Elephant, released on Paramount+ in 2021, which detailed her collaboration with animal aid groups and veterinarians to free Kaavan.[376]
Cher's older child, Chaz Bono, first came out as a lesbian at age 17, which reportedly caused Cher to feel "guilt, fear and pain".[361] However, she soon came to accept Chaz's sexual orientation and came to the conclusion that LGBTQ people "didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair".[377] She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention and has since become one of the LGBTQ community's most vocal advocates.[377] In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men".[378] On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender man and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.[379]
Politics
Cher has said that she is not a registered Democrat, but has attended many Democratic events.[380] Cher's political views have attracted media attention and she has been an outspoken critic of the conservative movement.[381] She has commented that she did not understand why anyone would be a Republican because eight years under the administration of George W. Bush "almost killed [her]".[382]
During the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do "whatever possible to keep him [Bush] out of office".[380] She told the site, "If you're black in this country, if you're a woman in this country, if you are any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left."[380] She added, "I don't like Bush. I don't trust him. I don't like his record. He's stupid. He's lazy."[380]
On October 27, 2003, Cher anonymously called a C-SPAN phone-in program to recount a visit she made to maimed soldiers at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and criticized the lack of media coverage and government attention given to injured servicemen. Although she identified herself as an unnamed entertainer, she was recognized by the C-SPAN host, who subsequently questioned her about her 1992 support for independent presidential candidate Ross Perot. She said:
When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now.[383]
In 2006, in an interview with Stars and Stripes, she explained her "against the war in Iraq but for the troops" position: "I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what they think is right. They do what they're told to do. They do it with a really good heart. They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything."[384]
_(cropped).jpg)
Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.[381] After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy.[385][386] However, in a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she "still thinks Hillary would have done a better job", although she "accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems".[381] During the 2012 United States presidential election, Cher and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled "Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights", criticizing Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the US Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were "part of God's plan".[387]
In September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-LGBTQ legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event.[388] In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made critical comments on Twitter, stating that "Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump".[389] In 2018, after the victory in Brazil's presidential election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro, Cher called him a "pig" and "a politician from hell", before declaring that Bolsonaro should be "locked in prison for the rest of his life".[390]
In 2016, Cher publicly endorsed global recognition of the Armenian Genocide. At the premiere for the film The Promise, she stated that "people don't know about the Genocide, the Turks have never admitted it, and it's very important," before alluding to the Obersalzberg Speech and the contested line, "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" as well as her own Armenian roots and her grandparents' survival of the Genocide.[391] In 2021, she congratulated Joe Biden on Twitter for being the first US President to formally acknowledge the Armenian Genocide.[392]
.jpg)
In September 2020, Cher raised nearly $2 million for Biden's presidential campaign at a virtual, LGBTQ-themed fundraiser.[393] In October, she traveled to Nevada and Arizona to campaign on behalf of Biden,[394] and released a cover version of "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe", a song conceived for the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, with lyrics updated to be about Biden.[395] The same month, Cher posted messages on Twitter in support of Armenia and Artsakh regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh war.[396]
In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Cher expressed her support for Ukraine and called for aid to Ukrainians through her Twitter account.[397] She referred to Russian President Vladimir Putin as a despot intent on restoring the Soviet Union,[398] and announced plans to provide shelter for Ukrainian refugees in her home.[399][400]
Legacy
Cher is commonly referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop".[401] Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield stated, "there are no other careers remotely like hers, [particularly] in the history of pop music", and referred to Cher as "the one-woman embodiment of the whole gaudy story of pop music."[402] According to Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder, Cher "has been and remains today one of the Rock Era's most dominant figures".[403] He described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star ... the perfect female punk long before punk even was a rock term."[403] Billboard's Joe Lynch described Cher as "a woman who pioneered an androgynous musical identity in the mid '60s" and who by doing so "teed things up for people like Bowie and Patti Smith".[404]
Billboard's Keith Caulfield wrote that "there's divas and then there's Cher."[405] The New York Times' Matthew Schneier stated, "[Cher] has earned her mononym. Her star power is such that she has spored an entire industry of imitators, both figurative and literal."[406] Dazed magazine's Shon Faye elaborates: "If Madonna and Lady Gaga and Kylie and Cyndi Lauper were playing football, Cher would be the stadium they played on and the sun that shone down on them."[407] According to Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News, "Her music has changed with the times over the decades, rather than changing those times through groundbreaking work"; however, he felt that subsequent female pop singers were heavily inspired by Cher's abilities to combine "showmanship with deep musicality ... to make valid statements in a wide variety of trend-driven idioms ... to ease effortlessly between pop subgenres [and] to shock without alienating her fans", as well as by her charismatic stage presence and the strong LGBTQ support among her fan base.[408]
Cher has repeatedly reinvented herself through various personas,[409] for which Professor Richard Aquila from Ball State University called her "the ultimate pop chameleon".[410] According to Entertainment Weekly's Marc Snetiker, "Cher has floated through generation after generation, scooping up new fans, thrilling old ones, reinventing her own myth and glittering splendidly through it all."[260] Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek credited Cher as having "revolutionized the idea of what a pop star could visually accomplish, the way they could create multiple personas that live on and off-stage."[334] James Reed from The Boston Globe elaborates: "Along with David Bowie, she is one of the original chameleons in pop music, constantly in flux and challenging our perceptions of her[.]"[411]
The New York Times declared Cher as the "Queen of the Comeback".[171] According to author Lucy O'Brien, "Cher adheres to the American Dream of reinvention of self: 'Getting old does not have to mean getting obsolete.'"[412] Author Craig Crawford describes Cher as "a model of flexible career management" and relates her career successes to a constant reshaping of her image according to the evolving trends of popular culture.[413] He further explains that she billed "each dramatic turnaround of style as another example of rebellion—an image that allowed her to make calculated changes while appearing to be consistent."[413] In 1989, the Reaching Your Goal series of children's inspirational stories published a Cher edition, emphasizing her commitment to meaningful roles over monetary success and her aspiration to be "a good actress, not just a rich and famous one".[320]
Cher's "ability to forge an immensely successful and lengthy career as a woman in a male-dominated entertainment world"[408] has drawn attention from feminist critics.[414] According to author Diane Negra, Cher was presented in the beginning of her career as a product of male creativity;[415] Cher remembers, "It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think".[171] However, her image eventually changed due to her "refusal of dependence on a man and the determination not only to forge a career (as an actor) on her own terms but to refuse the conventional role assigned to women over forty years old in an industry that fetishises youth", wrote author Yvonne Tasker.[416] She was featured in the 16th-anniversary edition of Ms. magazine as an "authentic feminist hero" and a 1980s role model for women: "Cher, the straightforward, tattooed, dyslexic single mother, the first Oscar winner to have entered into matrimony with a known heroin addict and to have admitted to being a fashion victim by choice, has finally landed in an era that's not afraid to applaud real women."[417]
Following Cher's 1988 Oscar win, The New York Times' Stephanie Brush highlighted her impact on women moviegoers, comparing her to Jack Nicholson for men. Brush wrote that Cher represents women in "revenge fantasies", unapologetically telling off those who underestimate her, and concluded, "You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years."[45] Cher's 1996 interview for Dateline NBC's Jane Pauley became a viral video in 2016; in it, Cher tells the story of her mother asking her to "settle down and marry a rich man", to which Cher replies, "Mom, I am a rich man."[418] Cher's "Mom, I am a rich man" quote was included in Taylor Swift's 2019 music video "You Need to Calm Down". Bustle magazine's Erica Kam commented, "[Cher's quote] puts a spin on typical gender norms ... It would make sense, then, that Swift would want to follow Cher's example."[419]
Alec Mapa of The Advocate elaborates: "While the rest of us were sleeping, Cher's been out there for the last four decades living out every single one of our childhood fantasies ... Cher embodies an unapologetic freedom and fearlessness that some of us can only aspire to."[357] Rolling Stone's Jancee Dunn wrote, "Cher is the coolest woman who ever stood in shoes. Why? Because her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.' There are folks all over America who would, in their heart of hearts, love to date people half their age, get multiple tattoos and wear feathered headdresses. Cher does it for us."[420] Alexander Fury of The Independent wrote that Cher "represents a seemingly immortal, omnipotent, uni-monikered level of fame."[343] Bego stated: "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation and the subject of a mountain of press coverage."[421] Lynch wrote that "the world would certainly be different if she hadn't stayed so irrevocably Cher from the start."[404]
Achievements
As a solo artist, Cher has sold 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[41][381][422] She is one of the few artists to win three of the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony),[423] and one of five actor-singers to have had a US number-one single and won an acting Academy Award.[56] Her breakthrough single, Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe", is a Grammy Hall of Fame inductee[424] and was featured on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2003.[31] Her 1971 single "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was called "one of the 20th century's greatest songs" by Billboard.[61] Her 1998 song "Believe" is the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK.[192] It was voted the world's eighth favorite song in a poll conducted by BBC in 2003—the only American song on the list.[425] "Believe" appeared on the 2021 revised list of Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[426] In 1988, Cher became the first performer to receive an Academy Award for acting and a RIAA-certified gold album in the same year.[427]
Cher is the only solo artist to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in seven consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2020s.[428] She held the previous US record for Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles over the longest period of time: 33 years, seven months and three weeks between "I Got You Babe", which topped the chart for the first time on August 14, 1965, and "Believe", whose last week at number one was April 3, 1999.[193] With "Believe", she became the oldest female artist at the time to have a US number-one song in the rock era, at the age of 52.[429] Billboard ranked her at number 43 on their "Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time" list.[430] In 2014, the magazine listed her as the 23rd highest-grossing touring act since 1990, with total earned revenue of $351.6 million and 4.5 million attendance.[431]
.jpg)
Cher received the Vanguard Award at the 1998 GLAAD Media Awards,[378] the Legend Award at the 1999 World Music Awards,[432] a special award for influence on fashion at the 1999 CFDA Fashion Awards,[341] the Lucy Award for Innovation in Television at the 2000 Women in Film Awards,[433] the Artist Achievement Award at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards,[214] the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Glamour Awards,[434] the Legend Award at the 2013 Attitude Awards,[435] the Award of Inspiration at the 2015 amfAR Gala,[370] the Icon Award at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards,[249] the Ambassador for the Arts Award at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography,[436] and the 2020 Spirit of Katharine Hepburn Award.[437] In 2010, Cher received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.[438] Her name is on a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as part of the duo Sonny & Cher.[183] She had also been selected for the honor as a solo artist in 1983, but declined to schedule the mandatory personal appearance.[439] In 2018, Whoopi Goldberg presented her Kennedy Center Honors, the highest recognition of cultural achievement in the US.[266] In 2024, Cher was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[440]
In 2003, Cher appeared at number 41 on VH1's list of "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", which recognizes "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[441] She was ranked 31st on VH1's list of "The 100 Greatest Women in Music" for the period 1992–2012.[442] Esquire magazine placed her at number 44 on their list of "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time".[443] She was featured on the "100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time" list compiled by People.[444] In a 2001 poll, Biography magazine ranked her as their third favorite leading actress of all time.[445]
Discography
Solo studio albums
- All I Really Want to Do (1965)
- The Sonny Side of Chér (1966)
- Chér (1966)
- With Love, Chér (1967)
- Backstage (1968)
- 3614 Jackson Highway (1969)
- Chér / Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (1971)
- Foxy Lady (1972)
- Bittersweet White Light (1973)
- Half-Breed (1973)
- Dark Lady (1974)
- Stars (1975)
- I'd Rather Believe in You (1976)
- Cherished (1977)
- Take Me Home (1979)
- Prisoner (1979)
- I Paralyze (1982)
- Cher (1987)
- Heart of Stone (1989)
- Love Hurts (1991)
- It's a Man's World (1995)
- Believe (1998)
- Not Commercial (2000)
- Living Proof (2001)
- Closer to the Truth (2013)
- Dancing Queen (2018)
- Christmas (2023)
Collaborative studio albums
- Two the Hard Way (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)
- Black Rose (as lead vocalist of Black Rose) (1980)
Tours and residencies
Headlining concerts
- Take Me Home Tour (1979–1982)
- Heart of Stone Tour (1989–1990)
- Love Hurts Tour (1991–1992)
- Do You Believe? (1999–2000)
- Living Proof: The Farewell Tour (2002–2005)
- Dressed to Kill Tour (2014)
- Here We Go Again Tour (2018–2020)
Collaborative concerts
- Two the Hard Way Tour (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)
- The Black Rose Show (as lead vocalist of Black Rose) (1980)
Concert residencies
- Cher in Concert (1979–1982)
- Cher (2008–2011)
- Classic Cher (2017–2020)
Filmography
Films
- Wild on the Beach (1965)
- Good Times (1967)
- Chastity (1969)
- Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
- Silkwood (1983)
- Mask (1985)
- Suspect (1987)
- The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
- Moonstruck (1987)
- Mermaids (1990)
- The Player (1992)
- Prêt-à-Porter (1994)
- Faithful (1996)
- If These Walls Could Talk (1996)
- Tea with Mussolini (1999)
- Stuck on You (2003)
- Burlesque (2010)
- Zookeeper (2011)
- Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)
- Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020)
Headlining television shows and specials
- The Sonny & Cher Nitty Gritty Hour (1971)
- The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (1971–1974)
- Cher (1975–1976)
- The Sonny and Cher Show (1976–1977)
- Cher... Special (1978)
- Cher... and Other Fantasies (1979)
- Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981)
- Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983)
- Cher at the Mirage (1991)
- Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers (1998)
- Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999)
- Cher – The Farewell Tour (2003)
- Dear Mom, Love Cher (2013)
- Cher & the Loneliest Elephant (2021)
See also
- Culture of the United States
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of highest-grossing concert tours
- List of legally mononymous people
- Forbes list of highest-earning musicians
Notes
- ^ a b c d Cher's birth certificate lists her name as Cheryl Sarkisian, contrary to the long-reported Cherilyn. Cher later discovered this when formally changing her name, attributing the discrepancy to her mother's recollection of naming her after actress Lana Turner's daughter, Cheryl Crane, and her grandmother, Lynda.[2]
References
Citations
- ^ a b "Cheryl LaPiere, Born 1946". California Birth Index. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ Harvilla, Rob (November 19, 2024). "14 Stunning Stories From Cher's (First) Memoir". Vulture. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
Cher writes that when she later formally changed her name, she found out that the name on her birth certificate was, to her own mom's surprise, not Cherilyn but Cheryl. 'I was only a teenager and I was in a lot of pain,' Cher's mother told her. 'Give me a break.'
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 11: Sarkisian's profession;
Berman 2001, p. 17: Sarkisian's nationality and personal problems, Crouch's profession;
Cheever, Susan (May 17, 1993). "In a Broken Land". People. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.: Sarkisian's nationality, Crouch's ancestry. - ^ Hirsh, Sophie (April 13, 2017). "Cher Joins Kim and Kourtney Kardashian at Premiere of Film About the Armenian Genocide". W. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 17.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 17–18.
- ^ a b c Berman 2001, p. 18.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 39.
- ^ a b c Berman 2001, p. 22.
- ^ David Riva, J.; Stern, Guy (2006). A Woman at War: Marlene Dietrich Remembered. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814332498.
- ^ a b c Berman 2001, p. 21.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 23.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, p. 24.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 27.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Eder, Bruce. "Cher – Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 92.
- ^ "Cher divorces Sonny". Record-Journal. June 28, 1975. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 94.
- ^ Bego 2001, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (May 20, 2014). "Cher's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 40.
- ^ "Cher – Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Sendra, Tim. "All I Really Want to Do – Cher – Songs, Reviews, redits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 98.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, pp. 108–109.
- ^ a b c d Wilson, Cintra (February 22, 2000). "Cher". Salon. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (August 14, 2015). "Rewinding the Charts: Fifty Years Ago, Sonny & Cher 'Got' to No. 1". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ a b "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. December 11, 2003. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 114.
- ^ a b c Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 149.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 116.
- ^ a b Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 148.
- ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (October 2, 2013). "Cher Earns Highest-Charting Solo Album Ever on Billboard 200". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Murrells 1978, p. 197.
- ^ "Sonny & Cher – Chart history". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ DeCaro, Frank (May 31, 1998). "Style Over Substance; Got You Babe: Cher Reclaims Her History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Bellafante, Ginia (January 19, 1998). "Appreciation: The Sonny Side of Life". Time. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, pp. 45–54.
- ^ a b c Berman 2001, p. 31.
- ^ Cher & Coplon 1998, p. 134.
- ^ a b Brush, Stephanie (March 20, 1988). "Cher: Yes? No? (Check Only One)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Bego 2001, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 54.
- ^ a b Bego 2001, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Deming, Mark. "3614 Jackson Highway – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Green, Michelle (August 5, 1991). "Sonny on Cher". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 31–32.
- ^ a b c Johnson, Anne Janette (2002). "Cher Facts, information, pictures". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 33.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b Erickson, Hal. "Cher – Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Mansour 2005, p. 450.
- ^ Bego 2001, pp. 76–78.
- ^ a b Bego 2001, pp. 68–72.
- ^ "The 6 Best Songs of Cher". NBC2 News. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Rob Tannenbaum, Rob (May 19, 2017). "Cher's 'Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves': Why It's One of the 20th Century's Greatest Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 72.
- ^ Bronson 1997, p. 301.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 81.
- ^ a b Bronson 1997, p. 345.
- ^ Bego 2001, pp. 81–82.
- ^ a b Bronson 1997, p. 359.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Gold & Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Murrells 1978, p. 380.
- ^ Kirsch, Bob (November 17, 1974). "Top Album Picks". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Larkin 2011, p. 2999.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Danza, Johnny; Ferguson, Dean. "Cher: Back To The Dance Floor!". About.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2005.
- ^ "David Bowie Makes US Television Debut On 'Cher' Show On This Date In 1975". Jambase.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "On the Record". People. May 11, 1998. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c Berman 2001, p. 35.
- ^ Bono 1992, p. 4.
- ^ a b "Cher". Golden Globes. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Hyatt 2003, p. 231.
- ^ Higgins, Bill (November 2, 2012). "How David Geffen Romanced Cher and Built a Music Empire". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Miller, Laura (November 22, 2024). "Cher's memoir is totally fabulous". Slate. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ a b Crampton & Rees 1999, p. 194.
- ^ a b Bego 2001, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 41.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 101.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 36.
- ^ a b Bego 2001, p. 102.
- ^ a b Lonergan & Studwell 1999, p. 208.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 105.
- ^ Zoladz, Lindsay (July 30, 2019). "Believe in Her or Not, Cher Has Always Believed in Herself". The Ringer. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
- ^ "Cher marries Greg Allman – Jun 30, 1975". History. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Cagle, Jess (July 10, 1992). "Gregg Allman and Cher's troubled marriage". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 42.
- ^ a b Hochman 1999, p. 1004.
- ^ Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 150.
- ^ Cherry, Rona (December 19, 1976). "Toying With a Name". The New York Times.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 116.
- ^ "Orange Coast Magazine". April 10, 1979 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gruber, Ruth (November 16, 1977). "Gregg and Cher are singing together". United Press International.
- ^ Allman & Light 2012, p. 280.
- ^ Allman & Light 2012, p. 281.
- ^ Quirk 1991, p. 118.
- ^ "Gregg Allman – Songwriter, Singer". Biography.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Armstrong, Lois (April 10, 1978). "Cher's New Flame". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Rock On!". People. August 18, 1980. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Armstrong, Lois (October 22, 1979). "Cher's Life With Gene". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 119.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 133.
- ^ Viladegutt, Mauricio (November 25, 2024). "Cher 'Shocked' to Discover Real Name After Birth Certificate Mistake". Newsweek. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Berman 2001, p. 44.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 124.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 45.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 272.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 139.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 143.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 47.
- ^ Howard 2014, p. [page needed].
- ^ "The Minneapolis Star from Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 12, 1981 · Page 113". Newspapers.com. February 12, 1981.
- ^ "Picks and Pans Review: Cher ... a Celebration at Caesars". People. April 4, 1983. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
- ^ "CableACE Awards (1983)". IMDb.
- ^ Guarisco, Donald A. "Dead Ringer for Love – Meat Loaf – Song Info". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 159.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Wheway, Daniel (June 15, 2018). "The Cher Bible, Vol. 1: Essentials 2018 Edition".
- ^ a b c d e f g h Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 151.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 54.
- ^ "Mask (1985) – Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Zuckerman, Esther (February 3, 2022). "The Making of Cher's Oscar Revenge Dress". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ "Cher's towering feather headdress at 1986 Oscars made a statement - CNN Style". Edition.cnn.com. May 20, 2021. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Hassan, Genevieve (March 18, 2010). "Talking Shop: Designer Bob Mackie". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Hall, Jane (July 14, 1986). "Late Night Letterman". People. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ Greene, Andy (May 6, 2015). "David Letterman's Top 10 Musical Moments". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ "1987 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (December 16, 1987). "Film: 'Moonstruck,' With Italians in Love". The New York Times.
- ^ Bego 2001, pp. 213.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 68–72.
- ^ Morris, Chris (July 2, 1998). "Cher's Singing Career Has Sunny Outlook" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 100, no. 27. p. 30. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Mansour 2005, p. 82.
- ^ Cher's romantic relationships during the 1980s:
- Jerome, Jim (January 23, 1984). "Cher Finds a New Life". People. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.: Val Kilmer;
- Bego 2001, p. 377: Eric Stoltz;
- Sidman, Amanda (April 29, 2008). "If she could turn back time, Cher might be Mrs. Tom Cruise". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.: Tom Cruise;
- Bego 2001, p. 377: Ron Duguay;
- Jerome, Jim (March 18, 1985). "Cher's Got Critics Raving Over Her Risky Role – And Offscreen She's Got a Loving New Man". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.: Josh Donen;
- "Engaging Behavior". People. October 3, 1994. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.: Richie Sambora;
- Miller, Samantha (November 29, 1999). "The Ex Files". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.: Rob Camilletti.
- ^ a b "This Week In ... 1989". ARIA Music News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015.
- ^ a b Roedy 2011, p. 87.
- ^ a b Semonche 2007, p. 161.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 217.
- ^ "And the 15th Annual People's Choice for "Favorite All Around Female Star" is ... Cher!". CBS. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.
- ^ a b O'Connor, John J. (February 4, 1991). "Review/Television; A Potpourri Of Cher's Mood Swings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 67.
- ^ Sessums, Kevin (October 31, 1990). "Cher: Starred and Feathered". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Kennedy, Dana (May 31, 1996). "Cher plots her next comeback". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 228.
- ^ "Mermaids (1990)". February 6, 2001 – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
- ^ Mansfield, Brian. "Mermaids – Original Soundtrack – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Cher – full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. August 18, 1965. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c Bessman, Jim (May 18, 1996). "Cher Changes Approach For Her 'Man's World' On Reprise". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 231.
- ^ a b Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 152.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 234.
- ^ Promis, Jose F. "Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 71.
- ^ Sonneborn 2002, p. 40.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, p. 73.
- ^ a b Murphy, Ryan (May 30, 1994). "The Beat Doesn't Go On: Where The Heck Is Cher?". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 238.
- ^ Murphy, Ryan (May 21, 1993). "Cher: Is her movie career dead?". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Palmer, Elle (October 5, 2023). "'Clueless': The cultural impact of the coming-of-age icon". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 256.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 253.
- ^ Bronson, Fred (April 1, 1995). "Chart Beat: 2Pac Finally Wins 'Against The World'". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Berman 2001, p. 82.
- ^ a b c Holden, Stephen (June 30, 1996). "Queen of the Comeback, Cher Tries Yet Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Flick, Larry (May 11, 1996). "Dance Trax: Daphne Gets New Lease On Her Career With 'Rent'". Billboard. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 259.
- ^ Bernstein, Paula (March 7, 2000). "HBO climbing another 'Walls'". Variety. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
- ^ Carter, Bill (April 12, 2000). "TV Notes; Going Out Blazing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (April 3, 1996). "Faithful (1996) – Film Review; A Feuding Couple Relies On Hit-Man Diplomacy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
- ^ Negra 2001, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Carter, Chris (2005). Audio Commentary for "The Post-Modern Prometheus". The X-Files: The Complete Fifth Season (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
- ^ Deans, Meghan (August 23, 2012). "Reopening The X-Files – 'The Post-Modern Prometheus'". Tor.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Tearful Cher remembers Sonny's wit, tenacity". Lawrence Journal-World. January 10, 1998. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 281.
- ^ a b "Sonny & Cher". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 90.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 91.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 283.
- ^ "Cher Says 'Farewell' With 50-City Tour". Billboard. May 1, 2002. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "Global music taste revealed in BBC World Service poll". BBC (Press release). December 20, 2002. Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Ahmed, Insanul (August 5, 2010). "Complex Presents: The 25 Greatest Auto-Tune Songs". Complex. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Hay, Carla (February 5, 2000). "Backstreets, Cher, TLC Among Those Up For Record of the Year". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Berman 2001, p. 13.
- ^ a b "Official Charts Flashback 1998: Cher – Believe". Official Charts Company. October 25, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- ^ a b "Billboard Chart Record-Breakers: The Longest Music Moments Ever". Billboard. May 9, 2014. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Paoletta, Michael (December 25, 1999). "If Labels 'Believe' In Dance Acts, Success Will Follow". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ Taylor, Chuck. "The Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Year (1990–1999)". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012.
- ^ 1999 Winners Database Billboard Music Awards.
- ^ Wilker, Deborah (January 28, 1999). "A Reason To Believe". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Mayfield, Geoff (May 8, 1999). "Between the Bullets". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 286.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 290.
- ^ a b "Believe it". Billboard. January 22, 2000. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 291.
- ^ "Sunday's Madonna's Night". Cable World. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ Jacks, Kelso (April 12, 1999). "Record News". CMJ New Music Report. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ "Tea with Mussolini (1999)". April 2, 1999 – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 287.
- ^ Berman 2001, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Library, Reference Department, Albright Memorial (August 24, 2005). "Scranton & Wilkes-Barre in Entertainment: "Sisters of Mercy" by Cher (2000)". Scranton & Wilkes-Barre in Entertainment. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wilker, Deborah (November 14, 2000). "I've Got E, Babe". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Flick, Larry (January 12, 2002). "Warner's Cher Offers 'Living Proof'". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Chart Beat Bonus". Billboard. March 8, 2002. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "'Divas Las Vegas' Hits DVD/CD". Billboard. September 10, 2002. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "2002 Billboard Music Awards". Billboard. December 9, 2002. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Waddell, Ray (December 7, 2002). "Award Is 'Living Proof' Of Success". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "In pictures: Cher empties wardrobe". BBC News. September 4, 2006. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Greenblatt, Leah (October 5, 2007). "Retirements that didn't last". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Newman, Melinda (January 18, 2003). "The Beat". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (June 29, 2002). "Pop Review: Cher's Goodbye Tour Reaches New York, With Glitter and Nostalgia Galore". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
- ^ "On the road with Cher". Adobe Systems. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Newman, Melinda (September 13, 2003). "The Beat: Cher Signs Worldwide Warner Bros. Deal". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "The Best Paid Musicians". Forbes. June 18, 2003. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
- ^ "Cher's 'Farewell' Tour Beats On". Billboard. June 9, 2003. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Caro, Mark (December 12, 2003). "Farrelly brothers' comedy chops come unglued in 'Stuck on You'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bonin, Liane (October 31, 2003). "Cher's tour is the most successful ever by a woman". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Numbers". Time. April 21, 2003. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Hay, Carla (December 27, 2003). "Tuned In: Rating Hits And Misses". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Cher – The Farewell Tour". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Billboard Bits: Sting/Fiction Plane, Cher, 'Hey Ya!'". Billboard.
- ^ Lawrence, Jesse (March 23, 2014). "With Strong Demand For Tickets, Will Cher's Dressed To Kill Tour Really Be Farewell?". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Rockman, Lisa (May 8, 2018). "Cher starts Australian tour in Newcastle".
- ^ McFadden, Cynthia; Orso, Alberto; Ibanga, Imaeyen (April 30, 2008). "Cher Is Back ... Again". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- ^ "Cher Announces Final Shows of Three Year Residency at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 21, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Bernstein, Jacob (July 3, 2013). "Cher Talks About (What Else?) Being Cher". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Wood, Mikael (November 19, 2010). "Christina Aguilera and Cher Shine on 'Burlesque' Soundtrack". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (January 18, 2011). "Cher Shines with No. 1 in Sixth Consecutive Decade". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (July 6, 2011). "Zookeeper Movie Review & Film Summary (2011)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Cher to Celebrate Release of New Single 'Woman's World' With Performance on Final Episode of NBC's 'The Voice' on Tuesday, June 18th". Yahoo! Finance. June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017.
- ^ Brodeur, Michael Andor (September 24, 2013). "Album Review: Cher, 'Closer to the Truth'". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Kroll, Katy (October 16, 2013). "'The Voice' Recap: Cher Chews Out Contestant". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Smith, Liz (July 3, 2013). "It's a 'Woman's World' for Cher – and ALL her fans!". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (July 15, 2014). "Cher Tour Grosses $55 Million (So Far)". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Rocha, Michael James (July 12, 2014). "Pop diva Cher still reigns supreme". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Swartz, Diana (November 20, 2014). "Cher Cancels Remaining Tour Dates to Recover". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Newman, Jason (May 7, 2014). "Cher, Wu-Tang Clan Collaborate for Two Songs on Secret Album". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (November 24, 2015). "Wu-Tang Clan Secret Album Sold By Paddle8, But To Whom?". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "New Details Emerge On Wu-Tang Clan Secret Album Sale". Forbes.
- ^ Vanmetre, Elizabeth (May 27, 2015). "Cher looks beautiful in new Marc Jacobs ad". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ TV News Desk. "Legendary Superstar Cher Announces Additional 2018 Vegas Dates". Broadway World. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
- ^ a b Lewis, Hilary (May 21, 2017). "Cher Accepts Icon Award at Billboard Music Awards 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ Bruno, Emily (December 21, 2017). "Grandma Cher, No Meryl? What We Learned From the MAMMA MIA! 2 Trailer!". Broadway World. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ Olen, Vivian; Harkins, Matt (July 17, 2018). "Cher Should Be in Every Single Movie". New York.
- ^ Miller, Julie (July 19, 2018). "Mamma Mia: Why Cher Chose Playing Meryl Streep's Mother Over Her Best Friend". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "Abba say Fernando is Cher's song now". BBC News. July 17, 2018.
- ^ Knaus, Christopher (December 30, 2017). "Cher's Sydney Mardi Gras tweet sends fans scrambling for tickets". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ "Cher Tickets | Cher Tour Dates & Concerts". Livenation.com.au. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ "CANCELED - CHER - Here We Go Again 2020 Tour". September 14, 2020.
- ^ "Cher records album of ABBA covers". The List. July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
- ^ a b c Caulfield, Keith (October 7, 2018). "Cher Ties Solo-Career-Best Rank on Billboard 200 as 'Dancing Queen' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
- ^ Spanos, Brittany (September 28, 2018). "Review: Cher Lovingly Updates ABBA's Hits on Dancing Queen". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Cher sends ABBA into disco bliss on 'Dancing Queen'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ Oxman, Steven (June 29, 2018). "'Cher Show' Review: Pre-Broadway Run in Chicago Opened June 28". Variety. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
- ^ "Tickets Are Now on Sale for The Cher Show on Broadway | Broadway Buzz". Broadway.com. June 18, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
- ^ Hetrick, Adam (August 18, 2019). "Broadway's The Cher Show Takes Final Bow August 18". Playbill. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ Masseron, Meg (May 28, 2019). "The Cher Show Will Embark on National Tour This Fall". Playbill. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ Meyer, Dan (May 10, 2022). "The Cher Show Is Heading to UK and Ireland in a New Production". Playbill. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ a b "Kennedy Center 2018 Honorees Include Cher and 'Hamilton.' Will President Trump Attend?". The New York Times. July 25, 2018.
- ^ "Adam Lambert and Cyndi Lauper Tribute Cher at Kennedy Center Honors: Watch the Performances". MSN. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ Smith, Erica (November 4, 2019). "Cher Shares Some Thoughts on Perfume". The Cut.
- ^ "All-star BBC Children in Need charity single announced". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100 - 20 November 2020 - 26 November 2020". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ "Cher voices her own bobblehead in exclusive animated 'Bobbleheads' trailer". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^ a b Morris, Wesley; Scott, A. O. (December 9, 2020). "The Best Actors of 2020". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Hays, Kali (December 9, 2020). "TV and Taylor Swift to the Rescue for New York Times Mag's Great Performers Issue". WWD. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Tomás Mier. "Watch Pink Tell Fairytale Story of Her Life (with a Cameo from Cher!) to Daughter Willow in New Video". People. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Cher Stars in Dsquared2 SS20 Campaign". V Magazine. February 4, 2020.
- ^ Tingley, Anna (January 5, 2022). "Cher and Saweetie Make a Glamorous Duo in Mac's Challenge Accepted Campaign". Variety. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "You'd better believe it! Cher is the new face of UGG". January 4, 2022.
- ^ "Cher Partners with Versace for 'Chersace' Collection". Crfashionbook.com. June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
- ^ Ferrier, Morwenna (September 29, 2022). "Cher steals the Balmain show at Paris fashion week". The Guardian.
- ^ "The New Face of the Balmain Blaze Bag, Cher Talks Fashion, Politics and Boyfriends". November 7, 2022.
- ^ Carter, Simone (November 7, 2022). "Cher, 76, Defends Dating 36-Year-Old: 'I Wasn't Born Yesterday'". Newsweek. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
- ^ Wunderman, Ali (September 26, 2023). "The Inside Scoop on Cherlato, Cher's Glamorous New Ice Cream Brand". Vogue. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
- ^ Paul, Larisha (October 6, 2023). "Cher Is Making Requests on Holiday Single 'DJ Play a Christmas Song'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
- ^ Trust, Gary (December 1, 2023). "Cher's 'DJ Play a Christmas Song' Dashes to No. 1 on Adult Contemporary Chart". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (November 30, 2023). "Cher Scores No. 1 Song on a Billboard Chart In Seventh Decade With 'DJ Play a Christmas Song'". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Aniftos, Rania (October 4, 2024). "Cher Thought: 'What Do I Have to Do to Get Into the Rock Hall?'". People. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (February 10, 2024). "Rock Hall Fame Nominees Include Cher, Mariah Carey and Sinéad O'Connor". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Cher on Her 'Love-Hate Relationship' with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction, Peter Frampton on Being 'Scared' to Come and Other Highlights from the Cleveland Ceremony". October 20, 2024.
- ^ "Cher". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ a b Browne, David (September 1, 2024). "'Half-Breed' and 'Brown Sugar' Vanished: Why Classic Artists Are Censoring Themselves". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Martoccio, Angie (July 24, 2024). "Cher to Turn Back Time With 'The Memoir, Part One'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
- ^ Perez, Lexy (July 24, 2024). "Cher's Memoir to Be Released in Two Parts, First Will Publish in November". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction". The New York Times. December 8, 2024. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
- ^ "Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction". The New York Times. December 15, 2024. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- ^ "Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction". The New York Times. December 21, 2024. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- ^ a b Tawa 2005, p. 217.
- ^ a b Flick, Larry (October 31, 1998). "Cher Wants You To 'Believe' In Pop". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Wieder, Judy (May 2002). "Cher shares". Out. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ a b Marder, Phill (November 15, 2010). "Rock Hall of Fame would be a lot sunnier with Cher". Goldmine. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Promis, Jose F. "Not.Com.mercial – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Hilburn, Robert (August 18, 2002). "Written Off ... Unfairly?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Viglione, Joe. "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (December 18, 1997). "Cabaret Review; On Life's Rough-and-Tumble, via Mama's Tender Heart". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Powers, Ann (July 7, 1999). "Pop Review; Quirky but Real, the Beat Goes On". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Eder, Bruce. "Half Breed – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Snapes, Laura (September 28, 2018). "Cher: Dancing Queen review – ingenious Abba-dabbling". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ Simpson 2003, p. 116.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 142.
- ^ Farber, Jim (June 14, 1991). "Love Hurts Review". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Sillitoe, Sue; Bell, Matt (February 1999). "Recording Cher's 'Believe'". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on October 5, 2003.
- ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. (October 15, 2018). "Flashback: Cher Brings the Future of Pop to 'Top of the Pops' With 'Believe'". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Lee, Chris (November 15, 2008). "The (retro) future is his". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Smith, Kerry L. "Living Proof – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Sendra, Tim. "Closer to the Truth – Cher – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael (September 13, 2013). "Cher finds 'Truth' in new album". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ^ a b Wickens, Barbara (March 6, 1989). "The Cher Effect". Maclean's. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ Yarbrough, Jeff (August 20, 1996). "Hollywood lives". The Advocate. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Tasker 2002, pp. 191–192.
- ^ a b Negra 2001, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Tasker 2002, p. 192.
- ^ "The 100 Best Acting Performances by Musicians in Movies". Billboard. October 4, 2018.
- ^ "10 Top 10". AFI. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ a b c Tasker 2002, p. 193.
- ^ Negra 2001, p. 175.
- ^ Feeney, Nolan (October 31, 2019). "Pink on Her Historic Tour, Being a Mom on the Road & Loving Life at 40". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Sullivan, James (August 5, 2002). "Cher's still a diva to believe in / Farewell Tour takes Oakland crowd on glitzy, sentimental ride". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "The Greatest – Ep. 071 '50 Greatest Women of the Video Era'". VH1. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011.
- ^ Flint, Roger (March 1980). "Filming the 'Hell on Wheels' Spot". American Cinematographer. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Quirk 1991, p. 272.
- ^ a b Lang, Cady (May 20, 2016). "Cher Birthday: Fashion Evolution". Time. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
- ^ Howard 2014, pp. 125–126.
- ^ a b c d Mazurek, Brooke (May 19, 2017). "How Cher Transformed Fashion And Became One Of The Most Influential Style Icons In Red Carpet History". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
- ^ "Navel gazing: The first female belly buttons ever seen on TV". Me-TV Network. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Trier-Bieniek 2014, p. 105.
- ^ Chunovic 2000, p. 57.
- ^ Johnson, Kristina; Nolan, Cathy; Savaiano, Jacqueline (April 21, 1986). "For Those Who Can Stomach It, the Belly Beautiful Emerges as the Season's Hot New Look". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 77.
- ^ a b c d Givhan, Robin (May 14, 1999). "And the Fashion Award Goes to ... Cher?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Satenstein, Liana (May 20, 2016). "All Hail Cher, Queen of the Red Carpet Rebels". Vogue. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
- ^ a b Fury, Alexander (July 23, 2015). "Cher on the cover of Love magazine: Queen of chiffon and sequins is the ultimate fashion icon". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Calistro, Paddy (March 16, 1990). "Porizkova's Eyes. Cher's Cheekbones. Basinger's Lips. : A Surgical Search for the Ideal Face". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ McCracken 2008, p. 27
- ^ Ramazanoglu 1993, p. 197.
- ^ Ullman 2007, p. 165.
- ^ "Madonna Tops the List as VH1 Counts Down Music's '100 Sexiest Artists' In Five-Hour, Five Night Special, Premiering September 23–27 at 10:00 P.M. (ET/PT)". PR Newswire. September 19, 2002. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Sullivan, Jim (June 2, 1996). "Cher thinks the unthinkable: removing all but one tattoo Gasp: Actress-singer-rebel ponders if it's time for a change, now that tattoos are so popular. She bets that even Bob Dole has one". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Bono 1992, p. 237.
- ^ Jerome, Jim (May 25, 1998). "Being Cher". People. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna (February 6, 2008). "Cher shares: Life, love, tattoos, politics, paparazzi". USA Today. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ "Tangled – Nathan Greno and Byron Howard interview". IndieLondon. IndieLondon.co.uk. 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ^ Wortham, Jenna (January 29, 2016). "There's Only Love and Fear: On Cher's Twitter". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Heisey, Monica (April 30, 2015). "The brilliance of Cher's Twitter – a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Bellis, Rich (November 2, 2016). "Cher shares why she loves emojis: they're 'modern-day hieroglyphs'". Fast Company. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Mapa, Alec (April 15, 2003). "We love you, Auntie Cher". The Advocate. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Rogers, Thomas (February 21, 2009). "Where have all the drag queens gone?". Salon. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Iannacci, Elio (September 8, 2013). "Cher on the art of the comeback – Macleans.ca". Maclean's.
- ^ "Why trans family visibility matters". Extra Magazine. March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2003, p. 166.
- ^ "Celebrity Update". Orlando Sentinel. November 18, 2000. p. A2.
And Cher's guest spot on Will & Grace gave the show its second-highest rating ever
- ^ "Memorable Will & Grace guest stars: Cher". Entertainment Weekly. March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
- ^ "The Unauthorized Rusical". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 10. Episode 8. May 10, 2018. VH1 / WOW Presents Plus.
- ^ "RDR Live!". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 16. Episode 4. January 26, 2024. MTV / WOW Presents Plus.
- ^ "The Collection of Cher Auction". Julien's Auctions. October 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Cheever, Susan (May 17, 1993). "In a Broken Land". People. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Cher Presents 'Love Sees No Color' Premiere at Los Angeles Fundraiser Party". PR Newswire. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Bono, Chastity (August 20, 1996). "Cher – The Advocate interview by Chastity Bono". The Advocate. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b "Cher, Felipe Diniz and Jean Paul Gaultier Honored at Fifth Annual Inspiration Gala São Paulo". amfAR. April 11, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Yaeger, Lynn (January 20, 2016). "In Praise of Cher's Response to the Flint Water Crisis". Vogue. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
- ^ "Cher on 'Edith+Eddie': "They Were Not Treated Like People" | Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. February 23, 2018.
- ^ "Free the Wild". Fundraiso. July 25, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ Daw, Stephen (March 4, 2020). "This Artist Is Selling Portraits of Cher to Help Animals in Captivity". Billboard. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ "Cher helps rescue world's 'loneliest elephant' from zoo in Pakistan," Associated Press, November 27, 2020.
- ^ "'Cher & The Loneliest Elephant' to Premiere on a Very Fitting Day". Billboard. March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Plumez 2002, p. 182.
- ^ a b Publishing, Here (May 26, 1998). "Quote, unquote". The Advocate. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Chaz Bono Granted Name, Gender Change - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. May 6, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Wilker, Deborah (November 1, 2000). "Cher Begs Voters Not to Choose Bush". ABC News. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Smith, Krista (November 30, 2010). "Forever Cher". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Cher: 'I don't know why anyone would want to be a Republican'". Los Angeles Times. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Cher called in to comment on her visit to wounded soldiers in Walter Reed Army Hospital". C-SPAN Video Library. October 27, 2003. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ Mraz, Steve (July 16, 2006). "Cher: 'I don't have to be for this war to support the troops'". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Malkin, Marc (October 23, 2008). "Cher Radios It in For Barack Obama". E!. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Cher On Finding Love: 'Guys Don't Want To Be Mr. Cher'". Access Hollywood. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Couch, Aaron (November 3, 2012). "Cher, Kathy Griffin Slam Mitt Romney as 'Anti-Women' in PSA (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (September 16, 2013). "Cher: I won't play Winter Olympics due to Russia's anti-gay laws". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Weiner, Natalie (June 19, 2015). "Cher Takes on Donald Trump on Twitter, Says His Punishment Is 'Being Donald Trump'". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ "'Bolsonaro é um porco e deveria ser preso', afirmou a cantora Cher". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). October 28, 2018.
- ^ "'Cher On 'The Promise': Why Remembering The Armenian Genocide Is So Important". Access Hollywood. April 17, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ "Cher responds to Biden calling mass killing of Armenians a genocide". Today. April 24, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ "'Do you believe in life after Trump?' Cher raises $2M for Biden at LGBTQ fundraiser". NBC News. September 1, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Napoli, Jessica (October 22, 2020). "Cher campaigning for Joe Biden in Nevada and Arizona". Fox News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ McCarthy, Tyler (October 26, 2020). "Cher debuts 'Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe' cover at pro-Biden concert event". Fox News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Zornosa, Laura (October 8, 2020). "Why these Armenian American celebs are speaking out about a chronic conflict". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ Giorgobiani, Natia (February 24, 2022). "Singer Cher spoke out in support of Ukraine". Perild. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Cher [@cher] (February 23, 2022). "Why Ukraine's Important 2🇺🇸.Putin's despot,trump Hero,& If Given Chance Putin Will Devour Sovereign Countries,Till He Resurrects USSR💪🏼.This Will Leave Europe,Small & unprotected.Russia,China,Saudis Want 2 Bring🇺🇸2 Its Knees,& C Perfect opportunity.They C Hate,Division,Weakness" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Cher [@cher] (March 18, 2022). "I Would Like to Sponsor Ukrainian Families in My Home.They Would Be Safe & Cared For.MANY PEOPLE IN MY POSITION NEED TO STEP UP TO THE PLATE.IF I WAS ALONE OR WITH MY CHILDREN,& WE WERE TRAUMATIZED,I WOULD HOPE SOMEONE LIKE ME TO TAKE CARE OF US" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Cher supported the Ukrainians". frontnews.eu. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Sources referring to Cher as the "Goddess of Pop":
- Quintero, Estevan (May 6, 2017). "What You Should Know About the Goddess of Pop, Cher". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- Bogursky, Sasha (October 16, 2013). "'The Voice' recap: Cher's diva antics exposed as contestants deliver intense performances". Fox News Channel. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Fisher, Lauren Alexis (June 19, 2015). "An Ode to Cher's Twitter". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Gundersen, Edna (September 17, 2013). "Cher's 'Truth' is 'as good as I'm ever going to do'". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Harrington, Jim (July 3, 2014). "Review: Cher says farewell in fine fashion". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Kirk, Kamala (November 18, 2014). "The 9 Biggest Divas in the History of Forever". E!. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Lang, Cady (May 20, 2016). "Cher Birthday: Fashion Evolution". Time. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
- "Ícone pop Cher faz 70 anos". G1. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Bardsley, Ella (February 4, 2020). "Sonny and Cher who? The Goddess of Pop fronts Dsquared2's SS20 campaign". Love. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Hernando, Sara (June 30, 2020). "5 veces en las que Cher se adelantó a las tendencias del verano 2020". Vogue España. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ Sheffield, Rob (February 28, 2019). "We Got Her, Babe: Cher Stands Alone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Marder, Phill (September 13, 2012). "Goldmine Hall of Fame Volume 8 continues wide variety". Goldmine. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Lynch, Joe (May 18, 2018). "Why Cher Is More Musically Radical Than You Think". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (July 8, 2015). "Cher Reflects on 50 Years on the Billboard Charts: 'I Got You Babe,' 'Believe' & Beyond". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ^ Schneier, Matthew (May 5, 2015). "At the Met Gala, Cher and Marc Jacobs Make a Dream Duo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "A review of Cher and only Cher, in the new Mamma Mia | Dazed". Dazed.
- ^ a b Miers, Jeff (April 17, 2014). "Tracing Cher's influence among pop divas". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 7.
- ^ Ransford, Marc (May 27, 2003). "Professor: Cher is the ultimate pop chameleon". Ball State University. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010.
- ^ James, Reed (April 4, 2014). "Before she was an icon, Cher was simply a soul singer". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ Carson, Lewis & Shaw 2004, p. 130.
- ^ a b Crawford 2007, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Negra 2001, p. 164.
- ^ Negra 2001, p. 170.
- ^ Tasker 2002, p. 191.
- ^ Parker, Kathleen (July 20, 1988). "Cher As 'Feminist Extraordinaire' Is A Ms.-erable Choice". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Blay, Zeba (September 15, 2016). "Watch This Vintage Clip Of Cher Explaining Why Men Aren't Necessary". HuffPost.
- ^ "Taylor Swift Referenced This Iconic Cher Quote in The 'You Need To Calm Down' Video". Bustle. June 17, 2019.
- ^ Dunn, Jancee (September 19, 1996). "Cher". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Bego 2001, p. 3.
- ^ "Cher says sorry for eBay 'mistake'". The Daily Telegraph. April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ^ Christianson, Emily (February 21, 2013). "EGOTs on deck: Who will win an Emmy, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, Oscar and Tony award next". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. October 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ "The Worlds Top Ten | BBC World Service". BBC. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rollingstone.com. September 15, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Elvis nets heavy metal in RIAA certs" (PDF). Billboard. June 11, 1988. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ Rockson, Gabrielle (November 30, 2023). "Cher Earns Chart No. 1 for Seventh Straight Decade in a Row, Tying Record with the Rolling Stones". People. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- ^ Bronson, Fred (March 13, 1999). "Chart Beat: Did She Or Didn't She? Cher She Did!". Billboard. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Artists". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Waddell, Ray (May 27, 2014). "Rolling Stones No. 1 on List of Top 25 Live Artists Since 1990". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Dezzani, Mark (May 22, 1999). "Smith Leads A More Polished WMAs". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Past Recipients". WIF. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (November 9, 2010). "Fergie, Cher, Others Celebrate at Glamour Women of the Year Event". MTV. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ "Cher at Attitude Awards 2013: Diva Speculates On Why Gay Men Love Her So Much". HuffPost. October 21, 2013. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ Fierberg, Ruthie (April 9, 2019). "Cher, Graciela Daniele, Jeffrey Seller and Flody Suarez to Be Honored at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards". Playbill. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
- ^ "Cher to be honored with the Spirit of Katharine Hepburn Award from the Kate". The Day. July 22, 1998.
- ^ "Cher Immortalized in Cement". The Advocate. November 19, 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
- ^ Conklin, Ellis E. (November 2, 1968). "It's a Hollywood Walk of Shame". The Spokesman-Review. Los Angeles Daily News.
- ^ "2024 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
- ^ "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List". PR Newswire. July 21, 2003. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "The 100 Greatest Woman in Music". VH1. February 13, 2013. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time". Esquire. February 4, 2016. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Laufenberg 2005, p. 120.
- ^ "Audrey Hepburn Named Favorite All-Time Oscar-Winning Actress by Biography Magazine Readers". PR Newswire. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Literary sources
- Allman, Gregg; Light, Alan (2012). My Cross to Bear. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-06-211203-3.
- Bego, Mark (2001). Cher: If You Believe. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 0-8154-1153-7.
- Berman, Connie (2001). Cher. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7910-5907-4.
- Bernstein, Robert A. (2003). Straight Parents, Gay Children: Keeping Families Together. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-452-1.
- Bono, Sonny (1992). And the Beat Goes On. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-69367-0.
- Bronson, Fred (1997). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7641-5.
- Carson, Mina; Lewis, Tisa; Shaw, Susan M. (2004). Girls Rock! Fifty Years of Women Making Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2904-4.
- Cher; Coplon, Jeff (1998). The First Time. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80900-1.
- Chunovic, Louis (2000). One Foot on the Floor: The Curious Evolution of Sex on Television from I Love Lucy to South Park. TV Books. ISBN 1-57500-186-1.
- Crampton, Luke; Rees, Dafydd (1999). Rock Stars Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-4613-8.
- Crawford, Craig (2007). The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1297-8.
- Hochman, Steve (1999). Popular Musicians. Salem Press. ISBN 0-89356-990-9.
- Howard, Josiah (2014). Cher: Strong Enough. Plexus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85965-897-3.
- Hyatt, Wesley (2003). Short-Lived Television Series, 1948–1978: Thirty Years of More Than 1,000 Flops. McFarland. ISBN 1-4766-0515-7.
- Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
- Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-5335-8.
- Lonergan, David F.; Studwell, William Emmett (1999). The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from Its Beginnings to the Mid-1970s. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-7890-0151-9.
- Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9307-1.
- McCracken, Grant David (2008). Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21957-2.
- Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs. Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN 0214204804.
- Negra, Diane (2001). Off-White Hollywood: American Culture and Ethnic Female Stardom. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-21678-8.
- Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Allyson to Funicello. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94332-9.
- Plumez, Jacqueline Hornor (2002). Mother Power: Discover the Difference That Women Have Made All Over the World. EBSCO Publishing. ISBN 1-4022-5247-1.
- Quirk, Lawrence J. (1991). Totally Uninhibited: The Life and Wild Times of Cher. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-09822-3.
- Ramazanoglu, Caroline (1993). Up Against Foucault: Explorations of Some Tensions Between Foucault and Feminism. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05011-1.
- Roedy, Bill (2011). What Makes Business Rock: Building the World's Largest Global Networks. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-00476-0.
- Semonche, John E. (2007). Censoring Sex: A Historical Journey Through American Media. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5132-9.
- Simpson, Paul (2003). The Rough Guide to Cult Pop. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-229-8.
- Sonneborn, Liz (2002). A to Z of American Women in the Performing Arts. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-4398-1.
- Tasker, Yvonne (2002). Working Girls: Gender and Sexuality in Popular Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-82660-5.
- Tawa, Nicholas E. (2005). Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5295-0.
- Trier-Bieniek, Adrienne (2014). Gender & Pop Culture: A Text-Reader. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-575-5.
- Ullman, Dana (2007). The Homeopathic Revolution: Why Famous People and Cultural Heroes Choose Homeopathy. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-671-0.
- Zuckoff, Mitchell (2009). Robert Altman: The Oral Biography. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-27335-2.
External links
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
- Official website
- ‹The template AllMovie name is being considered for deletion.› Cher at AllMovie
- Cher at AllMusic
- Cher at IMDb
- Cher at the TCM Movie Database
- Cher in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory
- Cher at the Internet Broadway Database
- Cher at Playbill Vault
- Cher at Emmys.com
| Studio albums |
|
|---|---|
| Compilation albums | |
| Soundtrack albums | |
| Other albums | |
| Music video releases | |
| Live video releases | |
| Other video releases | |
| Concerts and tours | |
| Residencies | |
| Film directed | |
| Television | |
| Books | |
| Related articles | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- Cher
- 1946 births
- Living people
- Best Actress Academy Award winners
- Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
- Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
- Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
- Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
- David di Donatello winners
- Grammy Award winners
- Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music
- Primetime Emmy Award winners
- Echo (music award) winners
- American contraltos
- American dance musicians
- American disco musicians
- American women pop singers
- American women rock singers
- American house musicians
- American pop rock singers
- Las Vegas shows
- Record producers from California
- Sonny & Cher
- American torch singers
- Atco Records artists
- Atlantic Records artists
- Columbia Records artists
- Geffen Records artists
- Imperial Records artists
- Kapp Records artists
- MCA Records artists
- Warner Records artists
- American film actresses
- American television actresses
- American voice actresses
- Ethnic Armenian actresses
- American adoptees
- American people of Armenian descent
- American people of English descent
- American people of French descent
- American people of German descent
- American people of Irish descent
- American people of Cherokee descent
- People from El Centro, California
- Actresses from Malibu, California
- LGBTQ rights activists from California
- Actresses from Los Angeles
- Singers from Los Angeles
- 20th-century American actresses
- 21st-century American actresses
- 20th-century American women singers
- 20th-century American singers
- 21st-century American women singers
- American women record producers
- American women in electronic music
- Actors with dyslexia
- American actors with disabilities
- Musicians with dyslexia
- People with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
- American activists with disabilities
- Kennedy Center honorees
- American musicians with disabilities
- Music and fashion
- AFAB queens